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Open research questions in Vascular Malformations and Hemangiomas

80 gap statements mined from Vascular Malformations and Hemangiomas papers in our 4.5M-paper local library, which holds 761 papers on the topic — drawn mostly from each paper's own stated research gap, future-work, challenge and limitation notes, and its abstract. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one.

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What the literature leaves open

  • The pathogenesis of MGS remains unclear but may be related to abnormal development of the mesoderm and incomplete closure of the blastopore (8). Whether this association is coincidental or reflects a shared developmental pathway warrants further investigation. At present, there is a lack of agreement regarding the optimal management strategies for choroidal hemangioma (22).

    Case Report: Sturge-Weber syndrome with contralateral morning glory syndrome · 2026 · DOI

  • Further studies are needed to investigate the role of CD133+ endothelial cells in venous malformations. The development of new therapeutic strategies targeting the PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways may be a potential area of research. The use of xenograft models to test the efficacy of new treatments may be a future direction.

    Identification of pathological CD133+ endothelial cells in venous malformations · 2026 · DOI

  • The role of CD133+ endothelial cells in venous malformations is not well understood. The genetic and functional properties of CD133+ cells are not well characterized. There is a need for a xenograft model to study the role of CD133+ cells in VMs.

    Identification of pathological CD133+ endothelial cells in venous malformations · 2026 · DOI

  • Innovative approaches such as photo-triage and teledermatology have been piloted during the COVID-19 pandemic to streamline access and reduce unnecessary healthcare exposure, with promising results, although these methods have limitations of potential diagnostic uncertainty and inequities in digital access.

    Therapies for Infantile Haemangiomas: Current Practice and Evolving Perspectives · 2026 · DOI

  • The need for histopathological evaluation to confirm the diagnosis. The potential for recurrence of the lesion.

    Atypical Arytenoid Lesion Revealing Lobular Capillary Hemangioma: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges · 2026 · DOI

  • The study is limited to a case series of two patients. The sample size is small, which may not be representative of the larger population. The study does not provide a comprehensive review of all possible treatment strategies for facial VVM.

    Verrucous Venous Malformation Presenting on the Face: A Case Series of Two Patients · 2026 · DOI

  • Further studies are needed to characterize the clinical and pathological features of VVM in rare anatomical locations. Research should focus on developing effective treatment strategies for facial VVM, with minimal aesthetic damage. The study of VVM in rare anatomical locations may provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of this condition.

    Verrucous Venous Malformation Presenting on the Face: A Case Series of Two Patients · 2026 · DOI

  • Existing research on interventions for peripheral arteriovenous malformations is controversial and lacks standardized criteria. There is a need for high-quality evidence-based guidance for clinicians.

    Efficacy of interventions in peripheral arterial and venous malformations of the limbs in children: protocol for a systematic review · 2026 · DOI

  • This comparison is based on published descriptions of these agents and available clinical experience and should be interpreted cautiously because direct head- to-head comparative clinical data remain limited. However, these observations should be interpreted cautiously because direct head-to-head comparative clinical data remain limited.

    Successful Treatment of a Scalp Arteriovenous Fistula Using iht Obtura: A Novel Liquid Embolic Agent · 2026 · DOI

  • One of the challenges identified in the paper is the need for timely diagnosis and treatment of infantile hemangiomas, particularly in cases of diffuse hemangiomatosis of internal organs. Another challenge is the need for a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and treatment, including consultation with cardiologists and other relevant specialists.

    Life-Threatening Complications and Intensive Care of Diffuse Neonatal Hemangiomatosis of the Liver in a One-Month-Old Girl: A Case Report · 2026 · DOI

  • A systematic review found limited evidence supporting superiority of any agent, with efficacy across the different agents ranging from 70 to 100%.

    Liquid embolic agents—a practical overview · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a need for epidemiological analysis of hemangioma and linfangioma in Brazil. The study aims to fill this gap by analyzing the prevalence of these conditions in live births from 2019 to 2024.

    HEMANGIOMA E LINFANGIOMA: A PREVALÊNCIA DE ANOMALIAS VASCULARES CONGÊNITAS NO BRASIL. · 2026 · DOI

  • Intracranial AFH in infants is exceedingly rare. Limited experience in treating very young infants poses significant clinical challenges.

    Intracranial angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma in a 2-month-old infant: a rare case report · 2026 · DOI

  • The study is a single case report. The long-term efficacy of cryotherapy in patients with tracheal stenosis needs to be validated with more studies and prospective trials.

    Estenosis subglótica tardía tras resección de angioma infantil tratada mediante terapia endoscópica multimodal: reporte de caso · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a need for more studies to validate the long-term efficacy of cryotherapy in patients with tracheal stenosis. The current treatment options for subglottic stenosis have limitations, such as the risk of recurrence and the need for repeated interventions.

    Estenosis subglótica tardía tras resección de angioma infantil tratada mediante terapia endoscópica multimodal: reporte de caso · 2026 · DOI

  • Adult Kasabach-Merritt syndrome remains under-recognized. Limited literature focuses on pediatric cases, with fewer than 100 adult cases reported worldwide.

    Case Report: Surgical management of giant hepatic cavernous haemangioma with Kasabach–Merritt syndrome in an adult · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a significant unmet need for effective treatments for VHL-deficient RCC. The pathogenesis of VHL disease remains an area of ongoing research.

    Case Report: Diagnosis and treatment report and literature review of 2 cases of VHL-deficient renal cell carcinoma · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a need to study the effectiveness of pharmacologic management in treating giant prolactinomas. There is a lack of understanding of the role of bromocriptine in improving visual field defects in patients with prolactinomas.

    Treatment of a Giant Prolactinoma with Bromocriptine Leads to Marked Improvement in Visual Field Defect · 2026 · DOI

  • More accurate diagnostic methods are less economically accessible. Some diagnostic methods, such as puncture biopsy, carry potential risks. The study has a limited number of patients, with 48 patients with vascular malformations.

    Modern Methods of Diagnostics of Cutaneous Hemangiomas in Children · 2026 · DOI

  • One of the challenges is the complex pathological process of IH angiogenesis, which involves multiple signaling pathways. Another challenge is the need for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanism of IH pathogenesis. The development of novel therapeutic agents for IH is also a challenge.

    Research Progress on Angiogenesis and Involution Mechanisms of Infantile Hemangioma and Its Regulation by Active Components of Salvia miltiorrhiza · 2026 · DOI

  • The molecular mechanism of IH pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. The regulatory effects of Danshen active components on IH angiogenesis and involution are not yet fully elucidated. There is a need for novel therapeutic agents for IH.

    Research Progress on Angiogenesis and Involution Mechanisms of Infantile Hemangioma and Its Regulation by Active Components of Salvia miltiorrhiza · 2026 · DOI

  • The proliferative index of that lesion is near zero, so it remains unclear whether a drug directed at growth could act on it at all. 13.2. Correcting or Silencing the Driver Correction of a somatic driver at the DNA level, including base or prime editing, has not been established as a treatment for ocular vascular malformations.

    From Somatic Driver to Molecular Therapy in Retinal, Choroidal and Periocular Vascular Disease: Mosaicism, Targetable Pathways and Ocular Toxicity · 2026 · DOI

  • Despite advances in IH research across various anatomical sites, studies focusing on IH involving the ear and periauricular areas remain scarce.

    Clinical Characteristics, Management, and Complications of Infantile Hemangiomas Involving the Ear and Periauricular Region · 2026 · DOI

  • The limited economic accessibility of some diagnostic methods. The potential risks associated with some diagnostic methods.

    Modern Methods of Diagnostics of Cutaneous Hemangiomas in Children · 2026 · DOI

  • No standardized management for BRBNS with GI tract bleeding, - The rarity of the disease often leads to misdiagnosis and delayed treatment, - Limited research on the combined therapy of sirolimus and lauromacrogol for the treatment…

    Case Report: Combination of sirolimus and endoscopic lauromacrogol sclerotherapy in the management of blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome with gastric tract bleeding · 2025 · DOI

Most-cited papers in Vascular Malformations and Hemangiomas

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Open questions raised by papers listed on this page include: (1) Further studies are needed to investigate the role of CD133+ endothelial cells in venous malformations (“Identification of pathological CD133+ endothelial cells in venous malformations”, 2026); (2) Further studies are needed to characterize the clinical and pathological features of VVM in rare anatomical locations (“Verrucous Venous Malformation Presenting on the Face: A Case Series of Two…”, 2026); (3) There is a need for high-quality evidence-based guidance for clinicians (“Efficacy of interventions in peripheral arterial and venous malformations of…”, 2026); (4) This comparison is based on published descriptions of these agents and available clinical experience and should be interpreted cautiously because direct head- to-head comparative clinical data remain limited (“Successful Treatment of a Scalp Arteriovenous Fistula Using iht Obtura: A Novel…”, 2026); (5) There is a need for epidemiological analysis of hemangioma and linfangioma in Brazil (“HEMANGIOMA E LINFANGIOMA: A PREVALÊNCIA DE ANOMALIAS VASCULARES CONGÊNITAS NO…”, 2026). 80 gap statements have been mined from Vascular Malformations and Hemangiomas papers in our 4.5M-paper local library, which holds 761 papers on the topic; the gaps come from whichever of those papers state one. They are mostly the research gaps the authors state and the papers' abstracts, plus future-work, limitations and challenges passages. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one, so you can read the original claim in context.

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