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Open research questions in Viral Infections and Immunology Research

113 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 317 Viral Infections and Immunology Research papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • The study faces challenges in compiling epidemic data on Chinese PSV strains due to limited reports. The study faces challenges in analyzing co-infection patterns due to the complexity of diarrheal disease in pigs. The study faces challenges in evaluating the genetic relationships and evolution rate of PSV due to the high recombination rate and genetic diversity of the virus.

    The Emergence and Evolution of Porcine Sapelovirus: Insights from Genomic Surveillance and Recombination Analysis in China · 2026 · DOI

  • The epidemiological characteristics and genomic diversity of PSV in China remain inadequately characterized. There is a lack of systematic studies on the prevalence of PSV in China. The genetic relationships and evolution rate of PSV are not well understood.

    The Emergence and Evolution of Porcine Sapelovirus: Insights from Genomic Surveillance and Recombination Analysis in China · 2026 · DOI

  • long-term neurodevelopmental outcome could not be assessed in most patients due to incomplete follow-up, - the transmission route could not be determined with certainty, - further methodological detail was not centrally available for retrospective reporting

    Invasive Neonatal Enterovirus Infection: A Case Series and Review of the Literature · 2026 · DOI

  • The lack of early warning indicators for fulminant myocarditis in children. The need for timely therapeutic interventions to improve clinical outcomes.

    Clinical characteristics and emergency department-based warning indicators of fulminant myocarditis in children · 2026 · DOI

  • The risk of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis and vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreaks associated with oral poliovirus vaccine. The need for a long-term strategy for poliovirus vaccination. The challenge of transitioning to inactivated poliovirus vaccine in national immunization programs.

    Immunogenicity and Safety of a Single Booster Dose of Sabin-Strain Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine in Adolescents and Adults: A Phase IV, Open-Label Trial · 2026 · DOI

  • the study had a limited sample size of 120 participants, - the study was conducted in a single country (China), - the study did not include a control group

    Immunogenicity and Safety of a Single Booster Dose of Sabin-Strain Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine in Adolescents and Adults: A Phase IV, Open-Label Trial · 2026 · DOI

  • The study notes the potential non-linear relationships in the data associating with predicted outcomes. The study addresses missingness by excluding variables with missingness exceeding 25% and using k-nearest neighbor imputation for remaining missingness. The study evaluates the performance of different machine learning models to identify the best approach.

    The occurrence of and risk factors for depressive symptomatology in myocarditis survivors: a cross-sectional survey-based study using machine learning · 2025 · DOI

  • Studies of national-scale spatiotemporal analyses of HFMD data in China are limited

    Spatiotemporal patterns and risk mapping of provincial hand, foot, and mouth disease in mainland China, 2014–2017 · 2024 · DOI

  • The complex and incompletely elucidated mechanisms of fibrosis hinder the development of specific antifibrotic treatment for cardiac fibrosis. The excessive phosphorylation of STAT3 needs to be prevented. The inhibition of canonical JAK/STAT3 signaling involves multiple negative regulators.

    JAK/STAT3 signaling in cardiac fibrosis: a promising therapeutic target · 2024 · DOI

  • Second, the retrospective design limited data collection to available clinical records, and detailed information regarding in-hospital management, dynamic disease progression, and long-term follow-up was not consistently available.

    Clinical characteristics and emergency department-based warning indicators of fulminant myocarditis in children · 2026 · DOI

  • The molecular mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis remain unclear, - There is currently no specific antifibrotic treatment available for cardiac fibrosis

    JAK/STAT3 signaling in cardiac fibrosis: a promising therapeutic target · 2024 · DOI

  • However, the molecular determinants on the receptor side that govern broad enterovirus recognition remain incompletely understood.

    KREMEN1 residue W94 is essential for receptor binding and infection by a major group of enteroviruses · 2026 · DOI

  • Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), a marker of oxidative stress-related alteration in albumin measured by the albumin cobalt-binding assay, has been investigated in ischemic and inflammatory conditions, but its role in pediatric myocarditis remains unclear.

    Ischemia-modified albumin in children with clinically suspected acute myocarditis: diagnostic performance and incremental value beyond conventional biomarkers · 2026 · DOI

  • In sub-Saharan Africa, AAP is a major cause of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in children; however, the associated MRI abnormalities have rarely been reported.

    Snake-eyes appearance on spinal cord MRI due to acute anterior poliomyelitis in a child in Togo: a case report · 2026 · DOI

  • This condition is rarely reported in association with infections, such as acute anterior poliomyelitis (AAP).

    Snake-eyes appearance on spinal cord MRI due to acute anterior poliomyelitis in a child in Togo: a case report · 2026 · DOI

  • Soluble ST2 (sST2), traditionally regarded as a decoy receptor for interleukin-33 (IL-33), is markedly elevated in FM, yet its mechanistic and translational roles remain unclear.

    Soluble ST2 drives fulminant myocarditis progression via the IGF2R–YY1 mitochondrial axis · 2026 · DOI

  • Although echocardiographic myocardial work (MWI) provides a non-invasive assessment of left ventricular (LV) mechanics, conventional MWI does not account for ventricular geometry or temporal distribution of myocardial work.

    Association of Tension-Adjusted Myocardial Work and Its Temporal Indices with LGE-Defined Myocardial Injury in Acute Myocarditis: A Proof-of-Concept Study · 2026 · DOI

  • Data regarding AF screening in conflict countries’ emergency departments (ED) is lacking.

    Atrial fibrillation screening in Syrian patients reporting to the emergency department during the ongoing conflict: a cross-sectional study · 2025 · DOI

  • Background: The frequency and impact of depressive symptoms in myocarditis survivors are poorly understood.

    The occurrence of and risk factors for depressive symptomatology in myocarditis survivors: a cross-sectional survey-based study using machine learning · 2025 · DOI

  • Poliovirus receptor (PVR) ligands have gained attention as immunotherapy targets, yet their regulation remains unclear.

    PVR exposure influences the activation, adhesion, and protein expression of human CD8+ T cells, including the CD96-mediated transfer of PVR · 2025 · DOI

  • However, the precise pathological immune subsets and molecular change in myocarditis, particularly FM, remain unknown.

    CXCL12/CXCR4 axis mediates CD8 + T cell overactivation in the progression of viral myocarditis · 2025 · DOI

  • In the remaining 125 cases, EMB was inconclusive (n = 48) or not performed (n = 77).

    Fulminant myocarditis: outcome predictors in an international cohort study · 2025 · DOI

  • These findings highlight the need for further investigation into preventive measures, including targeted antibiotic prophylaxis.

    Focus on the importance of vaccination in cardiovascular prevention and on the role of late gadolinium enhancement in predicting sudden death · 2025 · DOI

  • In a Clinical Research article entitled ‘Mitral valve replacement or repair and long-term risk of infective endocarditis: a Danish nationwide study’, Amna Alhakak from the Copenhagen University Hospital–Rigshospitalet in Denmark, and colleagues indicate that information on the long-term risk of first-time IE after MV replacement or repair is lacking.

    Focus on the importance of vaccination in cardiovascular prevention and on the role of late gadolinium enhancement in predicting sudden death · 2025 · DOI

  • These morphological findings suggest that further investigation of RNA structure in neurodegeneration is a critical avenue for future treatments and diagnoses.

    Chronic RNA G-quadruplex accumulation in aging and Alzheimer’s disease · 2025 · DOI

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113 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 317 Viral Infections and Immunology Research papers in our 4.5M-paper local library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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