Finally, we lacked data on pharmaco- therapy data

The gap

Evidence profile

Stated in the recommendations and inline gaps sections of the source papers, classified as general, spanning 3 journals. Those papers have been cited 1 times in total.

Supporting evidence — 3 representative gaps

• Comparative clinical outcomes and safety of finerenone, SGLT2 inhibitors, RAS inhibitors and ARNI in heart failure with preserved or mildly reduced ejection fraction: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (2026) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · cited 1× · doi

  provide and 5.6 Limitations Several limitations of this study should be acknowledged. First, as most included studies were placebo-controlled, direct comparative evidence between active interventions remains limited, such that the majority of comparisons rely on indirect evidence, which may influence the results. In this context, differences across studies in patient characteristics and background therapies may affect comparability, and the inconsistent reporting of such information across studies may further introduce uncertainty into the indirect comparisons. Second, the overlap of confidence intervals in some comparisons suggests that differences between interventions remain uncertain. Third, evidence for composite renal outcomes is largely derived from the FINEARTS-HF trial, and variations in the definition of composite renal endpoints across studies may affect the robustness of these comparisons. Finally, heterogeneity in patient characteristics, follow-up duration, and outcome definitions across the included studies may introduce clinical heterogeneity. The findings of this study are therefore intended to provide a comparative reference for different therapies in patients with HFpEF or HFmrEF and should be regarded as exploratory, with clinical decision-making best informed by integrating direct evidence from comparisons with placebo.

  generalstated in recommendationsevidence 5/5
  Keywords: comparisons evidence across provide limitations included placebo direct comparative interventions indirect differences patient characteristics therapies
• Prognostic significance of reduced eGFR for kidney outcomes and all-cause mortality in older Japanese individuals with type 2 diabetes and normoalbuminuria: a single-center cohort study (2026) · Clinical and Experimental Nephrology · doi

  Finally, we lacked data on pharmaco- therapy data at baseline and during follow-up; therefore, we could not account for potential confounding by treatment, including time-varying changes in therapy. Third, measured GFR was not available; therefore, we could not determine which creatinine-based equation more accurately reflected actual kidney function.

  generalstated in inline gapsevidence 5/5
  Keywords: therapy finally lacked pharmaco baseline follow account potential confounding treatment including time varying changes third
• Clinical characteristics, prompt diagnosis, and in-hospital treatment outcomes of acute renal artery occlusion at Cardiovascular Center – E Hospital (2026) · Tạp chí Phẫu thuật Tim mạch và Lồng ngực Việt Nam · doi

  Several limitations of this study should be acknowledged. Third, follow-up was limited to the in-hospital long-term period, precluding assessment of outcomes such as secondary hypertension, renal atrophy, recurrent embolic events, and chronic kidney disease progression. Long-term follow-up is warranted to assess the risks of secondary hypertension, renal atrophy, and chronic kidney disease progression. Therefore, future multicenter studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up are warranted.

  generalstated in inline gapsevidence 5/5
  Keywords: follow long term secondary hypertension renal atrophy chronic kidney disease progression warranted several limitations acknowledged

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