Future studies can use the OCAS to investigate

The gap

Evidence profile

Stated in the limitations and recommendations and cells research gap and cells future research sections of the source papers, classified as general, spanning 4 journals.

Supporting evidence — 5 representative gaps

• Governance, Trust, and Operational Accountability in Cybersecurity: Evaluating the Advantages and Risks of Bonding Models for Privileged Cybersecurity and AI Infrastructure Roles (2026) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi

  This paper is conceptual and analytical in nature. The manuscript does not: ● advocate mandatory bonding laws, ● propose regulatory mandates, ● ● or suggest universal implementation across all cybersecurity roles. recommend surveillance policies, The discussion is intended to support governance analysis and future infrastructure research regarding evolving operational accountability structures within enterprise cybersecurity and AI governance ecosystems.

  generalstated in limitationsevidence 5/5
  Keywords: cybersecurity governance conceptual analytical nature manuscript advocate mandatory bonding laws propose regulatory mandates suggest universal
• The Role of Cybersecurity in Organizational Strategy and Corporate Governance (2026) · International Journal of Creative and Open Research in Engineering and Management · doi

  Implement continuous, mandatory cybersecurity awareness training covering password hygiene and phishing recognition. 2. Integrate cybersecurity into core strategic planning rather than treating it as an isolated IT function. 3. Promote active executive and board-level involvement in cybersecurity decision-making. 4. Invest in advanced security tools such as intrusion detection systems, SIEM, and EDR technologies. 5. Strengthen incident response and disaster recovery planning through regular testing. 6. Enforce strong password policies and multi-factor authentication to address human vulnerabilities. 7. Increase the frequency and rigor of cybersecurity audits and risk assessments. 8. Ensure ongoing compliance with cybersecurity standards such as ISO 27001, NIST, and GDPR. 9. Allocate a dedicated cybersecurity budget covering infrastructure, training, and compliance. 8. SCOPE FOR FUTURE RESEARCH Future research could explore longitudinal changes in cybersecurity maturity, industry-specific comparisons across healthcare, finance, and manufacturing sectors, the impact of board-level cybersecurity committees on governance outcomes, and cost-benefit or ROI analysis of cybersecurity investment. Qualitative studies examining organizational culture and behavioural factors, along with cross-geographic comparisons of regulatory and governance environments, would further deepen understanding of this evolving field. 9. CONCLUSION This study confirms that cybersecurity has evolved from a purely technical concern into a strategic, organization-wide priority. While awareness and foundational protective measures are reasonably established, meaningful integration of cybersecurity into corporate governance and strategic decision-making remains inconsistent, particularly at the board and senior leadership level. The human factor reflected in weak passwords and insufficient training stands out as the most pressing vulnerability, while moderate confidence in recovery capability highlights the need for stronger incident response frameworks. Going forward, organizations must treat cybersecurity as a core governance imperative, supported by leadership commitment, continuous risk assessment, and sustained investment in both technology and people. 10. REFERENCES Anderson, R., Barton, C., Böhme, R., Clayton, R., van Eeten, M. J., Levi, M.,... & Savage, S. (2019). Security economics and the internal market. European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA). Cavusoglu, H., Mishra, B., & Raghunathan, S. (2004). The effect of internet security breach announcements on market value: Capital market reactions for breached firms and internet security developers. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 9(1), 69–104. ENISA. (2023). Threat Landscape Report 2023. European Union Agency for Cybersecurity. Kaspersky Lab. (2022).

  generalstated in recommendationsevidence 5/5
  Keywords: cybersecurity security governance training strategic board level market continuous awareness covering password core planning decision
• Institutionalizing Cybersecurity within the Operational Framework of National Security (2026) · Journal of Intelligent Decision Making and Information Science · doi

  Based on the findings of this research, the following recommendations are proposed: 282 Journal of Intelligent Decision Making and Information Science Volume 3(7s), (2026) 263-284 1. Establish comprehensive national cybersecurity strategies aligned with national security objectives. 2. Develop specialized institutional frameworks to manage cybersecurity at the national level. 3. Strengthen legal and regulatory frameworks to address evolving cyber threats. 4. Invest in human capital development through education, training, and research in cybersecurity. 5. Promote awareness and knowledge sharing among cybersecurity professionals and the broader community. 6. Enhance international cooperation in combating cybercrime and sharing threat intelligence. 7. Adopt risk-based approaches and best practices in cybersecurity governance and operations.

  generalstated in recommendationsevidence 5/5
  Keywords: cybersecurity national based frameworks sharing following recommendations proposed journal intelligent decision making information science volume
• Development of Organizational Cybersecurity Awareness Scale (OCAS) (2026) · Hacettepe University Journal of Education · doi

  Existing measurement approaches suffer from fundamental limitations, restricting research validity and practical utility. - There is a lack of validated measurement instruments that capture both universal and context-specific dimensions of organizational cybersecurity awareness. - The study aims to fill this gap by developing and validating a comprehensive and multi-dimensional scale for measuring cybersecurity awareness among public sector employees.

  generalstated in cells research gapevidence 5/5
  Keywords: existing measurement approaches suffer fundamental limitations restricting research
• Development of Organizational Cybersecurity Awareness Scale (OCAS) (2026) · Hacettepe University Journal of Education · doi

  Future studies can use the OCAS to investigate the relationship between cybersecurity awareness and behavioral outcomes. - Future studies can examine the effectiveness of cybersecurity training programs in improving cybersecurity awareness. - Future studies can explore the cultural and institutional factors that influence cybersecurity awareness and behavior.

  generalstated in cells future researchevidence 5/5
  Keywords: future studies use ocas investigate relationship between cybersecurity

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