Widely accepted empirical referents for conditions

The gap

Evidence profile

Stated in the abstract and future work and cells research gap and cells future research sections of the source papers, classified as general, drawn from work published between 1975 and 1986, spanning 3 journals. Those papers have been cited 41 times in total.

Supporting evidence — 5 representative gaps

• Similarity in Counseling (1986) · The Counseling Psychologist · cited 41× · doi

  Experience similarity and attitude similarity both appear to be directly related to counseling process, but the effect on counseling outcome of the former has not been assessed and/or the latter is equivocal Differences between social and counseling psychology research and limitations of the counseling psychology research to date are discussed.

  generalstated in abstractevidence 5/5
  Keywords: counseling similarity psychology experience attitude appear directly related process effect outcome former assessed latter equivocal
• Counseling as an Interpersonal Influence Process: A Perspective for Counseling Practice (1981) · The Personnel and Guidance Journal · doi

  We have already implied that this is an interactional model. That is, the client seeks out the counselor because of cer- tain needs and the perception that the counselor has the resources to meet these needs. The counselor has power to the extent that the client perceives the counselor to have these resources. So far, our discussion has focused pri- marily on one side of the interaction— the counselor’s manipulation of cues indicating that he or she has resources for the client. It is also important, how- ever, to recognize the phenomena that are client-related.

  generalstated in future workevidence 5/5
  Keywords: counselor client resources needs already implied interactional model seeks tain perception meet power extent perceives
• A Review of the Interpersonal Influence Process in Counseling (1981) · The Personnel and Guidance Journal · doi

  The purpose of this section is to discuss directions for future investigations, in terms of both delineating research questions and identifying research methodologies that may contribute to the develop- ment of the interpersonal influence research in coun- seling. Specifically, topics to be examined include: (a) theory testing and construction, (b) recent re- search from social psychology, and (c) internal and external validity. Strong and Matross (1973) theoretically described counselor power (P as a function of the congruence between the perception of the counselor as a helpful resource (R) and the perceived needs (N) of the client; symbolically depicted as P = f(R » N). It is important to note that the major focus of the interpersonal in- fluence research has centered on the events that in- fluence the manner in which the client perceives the counselor (Strong, 1978). There is need for research that systematically explores the effects of the client’s perceived needs on counselor power. Because of this absence, the theoretical formula P = f(R » N) regard- ing the components of counselor power has not been examined (save Heppner & Dixon, 1978). Likewise, to date many of the studies reviewed have little im- plication for theory. Those studies that focus on the perception of the counselor as the only dependent variable and fail to test the influence effects of the manipulated perceptions have few implications for dissonance theory (Strong, 1968), attribution theory (Strong, 1971; Brehm, 1976), reactance theory (Brehm, 1976), or any other theory of interpersonal influence. Whereas the interpersonal influence process in counseling was originally based on research from so- cial psychology, the subsequent counseling research in this area does not appear to have been integrated with current research from counseling psychology. The interpersonal influence research in counseling has focused largely on the source characteristics vari- able (e.g., perceived expertness). Counseling re- search has focused much less (if at all) on two other major variables established in social psychology on attitude change research: message variables (e.g., message discrepancy, incongruity), and recipient locus of control, authori- characteristics (e.g., tarianism). For example, parallel research in counsel- ing regarding message characteristics might be based on the following social psychological research: mes- sages involving threat of consequences (e.g., Miller & Basehart, 1969), opinionated messages (e.g., Mehrley 547 & McCroskey, 1970), message incongruities (e.g., Dutton, 1973), two-sided messages (e.g., Jones & Brehm, 1970), presentation of

  generalstated in future workevidence 5/5
  Keywords: theory counselor interpersonal influence counseling psychology strong message social power perceived client brehm characteristics examined
• An Investigation of the Validity of Empathy Measures (1975) · Counselor Education and Supervision · doi

  There is a lack of widely accepted empirical referents for conditions postulated by Truax and Carkhuff. - The current research lacks a clear understanding of the relationship among several instruments that purport to measure empathy in the counseling process.

  generalstated in cells research gapevidence 5/5
  Keywords: there lack widely accepted empirical referents conditions postulated
• An Investigation of the Validity of Empathy Measures (1975) · Counselor Education and Supervision · doi

  Further investigations of the composition and measurement of empathy are ongoing. - The study suggests that future research should examine the use of the Relationship Questionnaire and the Discrimination Index as instruments for the selection of prospective candidates for a counseling program.

  generalstated in cells future researchevidence 5/5
  Keywords: further investigations composition measurement empathy ongoing study suggests

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