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Open research questions in Child Nutrition and Water Access

696 gap statements mined from Child Nutrition and Water Access papers in our 7.9M-paper local library, which holds 3,324 papers on the topic — drawn mostly from each paper's own stated research gap, future-work, challenge and limitation notes, and its abstract. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one.

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What the literature leaves open

  • The study also faces challenges in terms of the lack of a concurrent comparison group. The study has limited power to detect changes in the smallest nutritional-status subgroup.

    Changes in family knowledge, practices, and perceived competencies after a family-centered home-visiting program for chronic child malnutrition prevention in rural Ecuador: an uncontrolled pre-post study · 2026 · DOI

  • The study identifies challenges in assessing pesticide exposure, including the need for accurate measurement of exposure levels. The study also identifies challenges in collecting high-quality spirometry data, including difficulties in understanding the test and language difficulties. The study highlights the need for programs to regulate and train farmers on the use of pesticides to reduce health effects.

    Small-Scale Farming, Pesticide Exposure, and Respiratory Health: A Cross-Sectional Study in Bolivia · 2025 · DOI

  • One of the challenges is the lack of expertise and equipment to operate manual emptying safely. Another challenge is the limited access to funding and financial management for manual emptiers. The study also identifies the challenge of physical conditions, such as space constraints, in densely populated urban areas.

    Barriers and enablers for group-based manual emptying services for onsite sanitation facilities in Nairobi, Kenya: a qualitative study · 2025 · DOI

  • Measuring hygiene behaviour remains a challenge, with few validated and reliable methods available. There is a need for novel methods to measure hygiene and sanitation behaviours. The existing methods, such as structured observation, have limitations, including potential reactivity bias.

    Assessing the reliability and validity of pictorial-assisted 24-h recall for measuring hand hygiene and child faeces disposal: A cross-sectional study in Malawi · 2025 · DOI

  • Yet, limited research has examined climate-related WASH challenges from the perspective of young adolescents.

    ‘I get angry since the river is dirty’: multi-method qualitative findings from young adolescents and elders in climate-affected Kenyan regions on water, sanitation, and hygiene concerns · 2026 · DOI

  • Despite ongoing nutrition interventions, evidence on integrated and context-specific approaches in Afghanistan is scarce.

    Effectiveness of specialised nutritious food, local diet promotion and social and behaviour change communication in preventing stunting among children in Afghanistan: a mixed-method study protocol · 2026 · DOI

  • Fathers play meaningful and often under-recognised roles in supporting early child development (ECD) but evidence from crisis-affected settings is limited.

    Associations between paternal engagement and child development outcomes in Lebanon: a multilevel cross-sectional analysis of national data · 2026 · DOI

  • In South Africa, little is known about how dysfunctional parent–child dynamics and difficult child (DC) behaviours contribute to developmental delays.

    The role of parent–child dysfunctional interaction and difficult child on early childhood neurodevelopment: Cross-sectional study from rural Limpopo, South Africa · 2026 · DOI

  • While individual socioeconomic attributes have been widely studied in relation to child growth, the associations with broader, area-level socio-demographic characteristics of residential areas have not been thoroughly assessed.

    Residential Socio‐Demographic Scoring and Child Growth · 2025 · DOI

  • Because the additional cost of scaling up a comprehensive package is 40% of what the scale-up of the core package would cost for the period, it will need careful consideration of whether the scale-up for additional interventions with weak evidence in support of their effectiveness is warranted, even if the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio meets the threshold requirement.

    Scaling-Up Nutrition: A Benefit-Cost and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Increasing Coverage of Nutrition Interventions in the Republic of Yemen · 2025 · DOI

  • A local food-based approach, including school lunch with multiple-micronutrient fortified biscuits (MMB) as supplementary snacks, may enhance dietary adequacy, although current evidence remains limited.

    Nutrient gaps and dietary adequacy among adolescent girls in rural North-Eastern Ghana: the role of local food-based approaches, school lunch and multiple-micronutrient fortified biscuits · 2025 · DOI

  • While the role of maternal stimulation is well known, the association with paternal stimulation remains underexplored and inconsistent.

    Joint parental stimulation and early childhood development in 26 sub-Saharan African countries · 2025 · DOI

  • Further refinement of LF and clinical trials are warranted, given the poor outcomes in children with severe malnutrition.

    Legume-supplemented feed for children hospitalised with severe malnutrition: a phase II trial · 2024 · DOI

  • Sierra Leone has one of the world's highest prevalences of functional difficulties among children, but little is known about the co-occurrence of major infectious diseases and healthcare-seeking behaviours among children with disabilities.

    Occurrence of major infectious diseases and healthcare seeking among young children with disabilities in Sierra Leone using cross-sectional population-based survey data · 2024 · DOI

  • There is a lack of understanding of how childhood starvation contributes to deficits in adult human capital and elderly poverty. Prior research has not fully explored the mediating role of human capital in adulthood.

    Childhood starvation and elderly poverty in rural China: the mediating effect of human capital in adulthood · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research may consider the perspectives of local latrine artisans and community members (households) to provide user-centred insights. Future research should explore other sensitivity analysis methods, such as the modification of the criteria weight and rank reversal methods.

    Integrating multicriteria decision-making to prioritise sustainable sanitation technology options for low-income communities in Ghana · 2026 · DOI

  • Future studies should adopt longitudinal and intervention designs to clarify causal pathways and assess the effectivity and scalability of specific nutritional sensitive programmes. More regionally representative research is needed to complement national data from the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey and guide subnational planning.

    Prevalence of Malnutrition Among Under 5 Years Children in Nigeria: A Review of Urgent Calls for Public Health Interventions · 2026 · DOI

  • The study had an uncontrolled design. There was no concurrent comparison group. The study had limited power for the smallest nutritional-status subgroup (n = 25). The study was conducted in a single rural community in Ecuador.

    Changes in family knowledge, practices, and perceived competencies after a family-centered home-visiting program for chronic child malnutrition prevention in rural Ecuador: an uncontrolled pre-post study · 2026 · DOI

  • Prior studies have focused on the health effects of pesticide exposure, but few have investigated the specific relationship between pesticide exposure and respiratory symptoms.

    Small-Scale Farming, Pesticide Exposure, and Respiratory Health: A Cross-Sectional Study in Bolivia · 2025 · DOI

  • The study had limited resources and a limited workforce, which constrained the scope of the peer learning activity. The study had to navigate the complexities of working in a new context, with the lead author being a non-Portuguese speaker and new to the Mozambican context.

    Does peer learning improve local government capacity to improve sanitation? A Contribution Analysis in rural Mozambique · 2025 · DOI

  • Food security (FS) has rarely been studied from the adolescent’s perspective.

    Adolescent-reported household food security and dietary diversity with associative factors before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional survey with follow-up in Nagcarlan, Laguna Province, Philippines · 2026 · DOI

  • P24 hR under-reported handwashing opportunities when frequency was high and over-reported them when frequency was low.

    Assessing the reliability and validity of pictorial-assisted 24-h recall for measuring hand hygiene and child faeces disposal: A cross-sectional study in Malawi · 2025 · DOI

  • Few studies have examined the effects of early-life nutrition interventions on adolescent physical activity (PA).

    The effects of small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements on adolescent physical activity and sedentary behaviour: a follow-up of the International Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplements-DYAD-Ghana trial · 2025 · DOI

  • With constrained budgets and a limited work force, a light touch peer learning activity alone could not overcome the broader challenges facing the sanitation sector in Mozambique, - The lead author was white British, UK-based and non-Portuguese speaker, - The study had a limited sample…

    Does peer learning improve local government capacity to improve sanitation? A Contribution Analysis in rural Mozambique · 2025 · DOI

  • Further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of behaviour change interventions on safe child faeces disposal and food hygiene practices, - Further research is needed to explore the breadth of available literature on behaviour change interventions in urban settings, - The study highlights the need for further research on the effectiveness of behaviour change interventions in different…

    Behaviour change interventions to improve household sanitation and hygiene practices in urban settings: A systematic scoping review · 2025 · DOI

Most-cited papers in Child Nutrition and Water Access

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Open questions raised by papers listed on this page include: (1) The study also faces challenges in terms of the lack of a concurrent comparison group (“Changes in family knowledge, practices, and perceived competencies after a…”, 2026); (2) Despite ongoing nutrition interventions, evidence on integrated and context-specific approaches in Afghanistan is scarce (“Effectiveness of specialised nutritious food, local diet promotion and social…”, 2026); (3) In South Africa, little is known about how dysfunctional parent–child dynamics and difficult child (DC) behaviours contribute to developmental delays (“The role of parent–child dysfunctional interaction and difficult child on early…”, 2026); (4) There is a lack of understanding of how childhood starvation contributes to deficits in adult human capital and elderly poverty (“Childhood starvation and elderly poverty in rural China: the mediating effect…”, 2026); (5) Future research may consider the perspectives of local latrine artisans and community members (households) to provide user-centred insights (“Integrating multicriteria decision-making to prioritise sustainable sanitation…”, 2026). 696 gap statements have been mined from Child Nutrition and Water Access papers in our 7.9M-paper local library, which holds 3,324 papers on the topic; the gaps come from whichever of those papers state one. They are mostly the research gaps the authors state and the papers' abstracts, plus future-work, limitations and challenges passages. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one, so you can read the original claim in context.

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