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Open research questions in Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure

585 gap statements mined from Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure papers in our 7.9M-paper local library, which holds 4,361 papers on the topic — drawn mostly from each paper's own stated research gap, future-work, challenge and limitation notes, and its abstract. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one.

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What the literature leaves open

  • The application of VIKOR-Based GDM Method in the evaluation of NEV projects is insufficient. Traditional GDM methods rely on deterministic data, which may not adapt to complex evaluation needs. The construction of a regret matrix under the Pythagorean fuzzy environment is a challenge that needs to be addressed.

    Evaluation of New Energy Vehicle Projects Based on Group Decision-Making Approach · 2026 · DOI

  • Infrastructure assessment must move beyond charger counts and examine whether drivers can obtain usable energy within the time available for their trips. The urban throughput and service metrics require recalculation with the integral charging model before quantitative planning use. City and learned-surrogate effectiveness remain unvalidated.

    Equity-Aware Planning of Urban Ultra-Fast Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure with Spatial Graph Learning and Grid Constraints · 2026 · DOI

  • The high charging power requirements and the stochastic nature of user charging behavior can result in pronounced peak-valley fluctuations and severe load stress on the grid. The existence of certain randomness or local optimum problems in the network output. The need to adapt to unseen environments and handle sequential decision-making problems.

    Electric vehicle charging optimization scheduling strategy considering users’ travel anxiety: a meta-deep reinforcement learning method · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper identifies the challenge of planning fast-charging infrastructure in a way that is feasible and sustainable. It notes the challenge of examining candidate-site limitations before upstream grid reinforcement. The study highlights the challenge of balancing the need for fast-charging infrastructure with the limitations of the existing power grid.

    Feasibility Limits in Corridor-Wide EV Fast-Charging Station Planning for Sustainable Transport Electrification: An MILP Study of Puerto Rico’s PR-2 · 2026 · DOI

  • The need to represent the couplings between vehicle decisions, such as the impact of serving a distant request on later options. The complexity of the mixed-integer programming model, which requires computational experiments to solve. The challenge of characterizing the behavior produced by the proposed model.

    An Operational Mixed-Integer Programming Model for Autonomous Electric Ride-Hailing Fleets · 2026 · DOI

  • Limited evidence regarding the technical performance of second-life batteries in commercial contexts. Uncertainty about the economic competitiveness of second-life batteries compared to new batteries. Limited understanding of the environmental benefits of second-life batteries in commercial buildings.

    Techno-Economic and Environmental Viability of Second-Life EV Batteries in Commercial Buildings: An Analysis Using Real-World Data · 2025 · DOI

  • Further research can be done to improve the prediction model and algorithm. The study can be extended to include more vehicles and users. Other charging control strategies can be compared with the proposed strategy.

    User-Demand-Oriented Healthy Charging Control Strategy for EVs Based on Football Team Training Algorithm · 2025 · DOI

  • The lack of standardized testing and certification for secondary use of batteries. The need for technological developments, such as battery diagnostics and Battery Management System (BMS) design. The need for policy decisions and a coordinated regulatory framework for reuse and recycling.

    Economic Aspect and Secondary Use of Electric Vehicle Batteries: EU Trends and Household Energy Balance Optimization Using Linear Programming · 2025 · DOI

  • The lack of a unified comparison of the performance of different electric vehicle configurations under realistic conditions. The need to consider external weather effects, driving styles, and road gradients in the evaluation of electric vehicle performance.

    Comparative Analysis of Energy Consumption and Performance Metrics in Fuel Cell, Battery, and Hybrid Electric Vehicles Under Varying Wind and Road Conditions · 2025 · DOI

  • Prior data-driven methods require dedicated models for each vehicle due to potential inconsistencies in feature spaces. The lack of a pre-trained model that can adapt to inconsistent feature spaces and achieve high prediction accuracy.

    Prediction of Battery Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption via Pre-Trained Model Under Inconsistent Feature Spaces · 2025 · DOI

  • The need to balance construction costs, user satisfaction, and user convenience. The challenge of identifying the optimal trade-offs between multiple objectives.

    Optimization of Electric Vehicle Charging Station Location Distribution Based on Activity–Travel Patterns · 2025 · DOI

  • The incremental cost of electric vehicles is a significant barrier to adoption. The study must address uncertainties in long-term financial projections using Monte Carlo simulation. The research needs to consider the impact of fuel costs on economic outcomes, identified as the most significant factor affecting economic viability.

    Economic Viability of Electric Bus Adoption for Public Transportation in Thailand: A Monte Carlo Simulation Approach · 2025 · DOI

  • Current studies struggle to address sparse load data in new stations, limiting the practical applicability and effectiveness of scheduling strategies.

    Electric vehicle charging optimization scheduling strategy considering users’ travel anxiety: a meta-deep reinforcement learning method · 2026 · DOI

  • The existing default strategy does not optimize electricity cost or associated CO2 emissions.

    Demand-Adapting Charging Strategy for Battery-Swapping Stations · 2025 · DOI

  • Investigating the application of the proposed method in other fields. Further research on the construction of regret matrices under the Pythagorean Fuzzy environment.

    Evaluation of New Energy Vehicle Projects Based on Group Decision-Making Approach · 2026 · DOI

  • The study only considers a specific fleet in Cape Town, South Africa, - The study uses a simulation model, - The study has a limited validation period, - The redistribution fraction φ = 0.5 was calibrated to a specific measured overnight…

    An Operational Digital Twin for Electric Bus Depot Charging Infrastructure: Validation and Scenario Analysis at a Sub-Saharan African Fleet · 2026 · DOI

  • Further validation of the operational digital twin with other fleets and locations, - Investigation of the impact of different redistribution fractions φ on the fit to depot behaviour, - Development of a more comprehensive model that includes additional factors affecting depot…

    An Operational Digital Twin for Electric Bus Depot Charging Infrastructure: Validation and Scenario Analysis at a Sub-Saharan African Fleet · 2026 · DOI

  • The model assumes discrete time, - The model does not account for other factors that may affect the operation of the fleet, - The computational experiments are limited to a small number…

    An Operational Mixed-Integer Programming Model for Autonomous Electric Ride-Hailing Fleets · 2026 · DOI

  • Investigating the impact of non-linear degradation on SLBESS performance over longer project horizons, - Examining the effects of different control strategies on SLBESS viability, - Analyzing the applicability of SLBESS in various commercial building types…

    Techno-Economic and Environmental Viability of Second-Life EV Batteries in Commercial Buildings: An Analysis Using Real-World Data · 2025 · DOI

  • Further research could investigate the application of the proposed strategy to other battery-swapping stations - Research could also focus on improving the accuracy of traffic and electricity price…

    Demand-Adapting Charging Strategy for Battery-Swapping Stations · 2025 · DOI

  • Further research could investigate the application of the IFS-Former to other types of electric vehicles, - The development of more advanced models that can handle larger inconsistent feature spaces could be…

    Prediction of Battery Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption via Pre-Trained Model Under Inconsistent Feature Spaces · 2025 · DOI

  • The need for significant expansion of state transportation infrastructure and reduction of carbon emissions - The lack of evaluation of environmental impacts of renewable diesel use in Texas…

    Exploring Lignocellulose-Based Renewable Diesel’s Potential for Texas Freight · 2025 · DOI

  • Collecting and analyzing real-world operational data from electric buses in the Thai context - Investigating the integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar panels at bus depots - Examining the development of more efficient recycling technologies and closed-loop systems for electric bus batteries - Exploring innovative business models, such as battery leasing or service-based arrangements…

    Economic Viability of Electric Bus Adoption for Public Transportation in Thailand: A Monte Carlo Simulation Approach · 2025 · DOI

  • This research has limitations and can be interpreted in several ways, primarily because this study is based on a scenario analysis based on future economic and technological assumptions, - The adoption of battery electric trucks (BETs) is heavily contingent upon the availability of charging infrastructure, which remains underdeveloped in Hungary, - The price, lifetime, and efficiency of BET batteries can…

    Examining the Application Possibilities and Economic Issues of an Alternative Drive Chain in Hungary: Scenario Analysis · 2025 · DOI

  • Further research could investigate the impact of future technological breakthroughs on the cost of BETs, - The study could be extended to include other types of alternative…

    Examining the Application Possibilities and Economic Issues of an Alternative Drive Chain in Hungary: Scenario Analysis · 2025 · DOI

Most-cited papers in Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure

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Open questions raised by papers listed on this page include: (1) The lack of standardized testing and certification for secondary use of batteries (“Economic Aspect and Secondary Use of Electric Vehicle Batteries: EU Trends and…”, 2025); (2) The lack of a unified comparison of the performance of different electric vehicle configurations under realistic conditions (“Comparative Analysis of Energy Consumption and Performance Metrics in Fuel…”, 2025); (3) The lack of a pre-trained model that can adapt to inconsistent feature spaces and achieve high prediction accuracy (“Prediction of Battery Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption via Pre-Trained Model…”, 2025). 585 gap statements have been mined from Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure papers in our 7.9M-paper local library, which holds 4,361 papers on the topic; the gaps come from whichever of those papers state one. They are mostly the research gaps the authors state and the papers' abstracts, plus future-work, limitations and challenges passages. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one, so you can read the original claim in context.

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