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Open research questions in Electrochemical sensors and biosensors

60 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 338 Electrochemical sensors and biosensors papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • Enzyme degradation and oxygen dependence remain major limitations for long-term operation. The choice between blood and ISF sampling is primarily dictated by the clinical informativeness of temporal resolution. The physiological turnover and pharmacokinetic dynamics of the target molecule can affect the sampling strategy.

    Electrochemical biosensing across microsampled blood and interstitial fluid for metabolic, hormonal, and therapeutic monitoring · 2026 · DOI

  • Emerging directions include hybrid systems that merge electrochemical detection with complementary modalities. Multi-analyte platforms that capture metabolic interdependence. Closed-loop approaches coupling biochemical readout with automated intervention.

    Electrochemical biosensing across microsampled blood and interstitial fluid for metabolic, hormonal, and therapeutic monitoring · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a need for faster and more accurate methods to detect glucose levels. Current glucose sensors may have limitations in terms of sensitivity and stability.

    Exploring the binary non-enzymatic composite of ZnO/Fe2O3 for chemi-capacitive glucose sensing · 2026 · DOI

  • The inherently lower analyte concentrations in saliva create analytical challenges. The variable matrix effects in saliva require robust sensing platforms. The need for highly sensitive, selective, and robust sensing platforms is a challenge.

    NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTROCHEMICAL PLATFORM FOR RAPID SALIVARY BIOMARKER DETECTION USING GRAPHENE GOLD MODIFIED ELECTRODE · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a need for a sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor for dopamine detection. Prior methods have limitations, such as low sensitivity or selectivity.

    Sensitive and selective electrochemical detection of dopamine with one-step chronoamperometric synthesis of sulfur and phosphorus co-doped graphene oxide-based electrode · 2026 · DOI

  • The review highlights the remarkable potential of goldfunctionalized carbon-based composites in advancing biosensing technologies. The synergistic integration of AuNPs with carbon-based materials significantly enhances electrical properties, surface area, biocompatibility and functional group availability enabling highly sensitive and selective detection of wide spectrum of analytes. These hybrid materials have been successfully used to detect microbes, tumor cells, heavy metals, protein enzymes, thiols, peroxide and glucose. However, most of these detection applications have been tested on single analyte and they face reproducibility and stability issues under real world conditions, thereby restricting the scaling up for large industrial scale application. Looking forward future research on gold functionalized carbon-based materials should focus on (1) developing multiplexed biosensors capable of detecting multiple analytes simultaneously, (2) exploring sustainable and costeffective and scalable functionalization methods without compromising performance and (3) testing these materials on real samples and large-scale field trials to accelerate transition from lab prototype to commercial products. Finally, the use of these gold/carbon-based materials as biosensors for monitoring biomolecular processes, such as enzymatic interactions, antibody/antigen interactions, and DNA interactions should be further explored.

    Biosensing applications of gold-functionalized carbon-based composites · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research can focus on exploring the application of the developed sensors in various fields, including medicine and environmental monitoring. Further studies can be conducted to improve the sensitivity and selectivity of the sensors.

    Four novel Co/Cu-based electrochemical sensors with pyrazole ligand for detection of uric acid, dopamine, and acetaminophen · 2026 · DOI

  • The study identifies a research gap in the development of novel Co/Cu-based complexes using environmentally friendly solvents for biomolecular detection.

    Four novel Co/Cu-based electrochemical sensors with pyrazole ligand for detection of uric acid, dopamine, and acetaminophen · 2026 · DOI

  • The need for sensitive and reliable adenine detection in complex biological systems. The limitations of conventional analytical methods for adenine detection.

    Homogeneous Au nanoparticles on N-doped graphene directed by NSGQDs for molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensing of adenine · 2026 · DOI

  • Non-enzymatic glucose sensors have limited sensitivity due to high resistance caused by residual raw CuO nanoparticles. The need for a promising strategy for efficient non-enzymatic glucose sensors.

    Copper-based electrodes fabricated by GHz-burst femtosecond laser sintering of copper powders for non-enzymatic D-glucose detection · 2026 · DOI

  • The previous understanding of the oxidation mechanisms of SDZ and CAR was incorrect. The paper aims to fill this gap by providing a revised understanding of the electro-oxidation process.

    Correction to: Screen-printed electrodes modified with MOF(Cu-TPA) and activated charcoal for the simultaneous electrochemical detection of emerging pollutants · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a need for accurate and sensitive uric acid detection methods. Enzyme-free detection of uric acid is challenging due to interfering substances.

    Non-Enzymatic Uric Acid Sensing via MoS <sub>2</sub> -Enhanced Paper-Based Electrochemical Sensor Using Neural Network Regression Framework · 2026 · DOI

  • The need for high-performance glucose sensors for clinical diagnosis, food industry, and environmental monitoring. The limited sensitivity and selectivity of currently available glucose detection methods.

    Development of electrochemical sensors based on azacycle copper(I) coordination polymers for determination of glucose · 2026 · DOI

  • The determination of epinephrine in the presence of acetaminophen is a challenging task. Prior methods for the determination of epinephrine have limitations.

    Synthesis of NiO nanostructures as electrode materials for the voltammetric determination of epinephrine in the presence of acetaminophen · 2026 · DOI

  • The development of more sensitive and selective electrochemical methods for the determination of TBHQ. The application of the method for the detection of TBHQ in other types of food samples. The comparison of the method with other existing methods.

    Edible Oils and Canned Food as Matrices for Rapid Sensing of Tert-butylhydroquinone using Screen-Printed Electrode Modified with Manganese Dioxide Nanoparticles Anchored on a Carbon Black · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a need for a sensitive and portable method for the determination of TBHQ in food samples. The existing methods are not suitable for the detection of TBHQ in food samples due to their low sensitivity and selectivity.

    Edible Oils and Canned Food as Matrices for Rapid Sensing of Tert-butylhydroquinone using Screen-Printed Electrode Modified with Manganese Dioxide Nanoparticles Anchored on a Carbon Black · 2026 · DOI

  • Traditional enzymatic sensors have limitations, such as sensitivity to environmental conditions and gradual degradation of enzyme activity. Enzyme-free approaches are needed to overcome these limitations.

    Synergistic Enhancement of Glucose Sensing via Copper Nanowire-biochar Nanocomposites · 2026 · DOI

  • The optimisation of nanostructure morphology and dimensions for enzymatic glucose biosensors is an incompletely explored area. There is a need to investigate the effect of gold nanorod dimensions on the electrochemical performance of biosensors.

    The effect of gold nanorod dimensions on the electrochemical performance of an enzymatic glucose biosensor · 2026 · DOI

  • The need for a sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor for the detection of 4-aminophenol. The lack of a simple and rapid method for the detection of 4-aminophenol in pharmaceutical and environmental applications.

    Specific Electrochemical Sensing of 4-Aminophenol Using a Graphene Oxide/Calcium Phosphate Nanocomposites Material for Pharmaceutical and Environmental Applications · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research should focus on addressing the current limitations in sensor stability and reproducibility. Emerging trends such as microfluidic integration and AI-assisted signal processing should be further evaluated. The development of new functional modifiers and electrochemical methods is needed.

    Interfacial engineering for enantioselective electrochemical sensing of tryptophan: materials, recognition strategies, and performance benchmarking · 2026 · DOI

  • The precise detection, quantification, and discrimination of enantiomers have become an essential analytical goal. There is a need for a comprehensive guidance for the rational design of electrochemical platforms. The current limitations in sensor stability and reproducibility need to be addressed.

    Interfacial engineering for enantioselective electrochemical sensing of tryptophan: materials, recognition strategies, and performance benchmarking · 2026 · DOI

  • Structural instability is a primary challenge in sensor development. Selectivity is a major challenge due to interfering substances. The lack of standardized interference testing protocols limits reproducibility.

    Trends in developing nanoparticle-enhanced electrochemical sensors for neurotransmitter detection: a review · 2026 · DOI

  • The lack of standardized interference testing protocols is a significant research gap. The development of nanomaterial-enhanced electrochemical sensors faces challenges in selectivity, stability, and large-scale manufacturing.

    Trends in developing nanoparticle-enhanced electrochemical sensors for neurotransmitter detection: a review · 2026 · DOI

  • The need for a sensitive, selective, and eco-friendly method for lenalidomide determination. The limitations of traditional chromatographic techniques and spectrophotometric methods.

    Advanced hierarchical ZnFe-LDH@MnO₂ nanostructures for sensitive voltammetric determination of lenalidomide · 2026 · DOI

  • The current analytical challenges require highly sensitive, selective, and robust sensing platforms. There is a need for a noninvasive and rapid diagnostic tool for detecting salivary biomarkers.

    NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTROCHEMICAL PLATFORM FOR RAPID SALIVARY BIOMARKER DETECTION USING GRAPHENE GOLD MODIFIED ELECTRODE · 2026 · DOI

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60 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 338 Electrochemical sensors and biosensors papers in our library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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