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Open research questions in Global Energy Security and Policy

131 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 1,413 Global Energy Security and Policy papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • Nonetheless, a particularly intriguing and underexplored facet remains: the influence of member states’ compliance with the rule of law on the implementation of EU policies, particularly within the realm of energy policy.

    The Impact of the Rule of Law on Energy Policy in European Union Member States · 2024 · DOI

  • The complexity of the global LNG port trade network. The potential risks of supply disruptions at different ports. The need to develop strategies to mitigate the risks of supply disruptions.

    Research on the crisis propagation of global LNG port trade · 2026 · DOI

  • Current research primarily focuses on static data and country-level analysis. There is a lack of studies on the crisis propagation of global LNG port trade using complex network theory.

    Research on the crisis propagation of global LNG port trade · 2026 · DOI

  • The study identifies a gap in the understanding of infrastructure diplomacy as a mechanism for economic sovereignty. The research highlights the need for a 'Middle-Power Standard' in ESG criteria, balancing the reliability of fossil fuels with green innovation.

    Hedging Energy Security through Infrastructure Diplomacy: The Pursuit of Economic Sovereignty in Azerbaijan-Indonesia Energy Cooperation Post-COP29 · 2026 · DOI

  • The use of natural gas as a transition fuel has potential shortcomings. The EU's gas price cap has limited effectiveness in reducing excess CO2 emissions. Countries with a mix of electricity generation that still rely relatively more on coal and are more sensitive to gas prices tend to experience the largest excess CO2 emissions.

    EU-ETS emergency reserve price curbs coal use and shields consumers during natural gas price shocks · 2026 · DOI

  • The EU-wide mechanism was only applied from February 2023 when the crisis was already subsiding. The analysis is limited to the time period from April 2021 to May 2022.

    EU-ETS emergency reserve price curbs coal use and shields consumers during natural gas price shocks · 2026 · DOI

  • The need for a comprehensive analysis of the energy interests of the United States in the foreign policy of the Persian Gulf countries. The importance of understanding the initial stages of energy diplomacy with Saudi Arabia and other countries.

    The Energy Interests of the United States in the Foreign Policy of the Persian Gulf Countries · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research can explore the implications of Indonesia's hedging strategy for other developing nations. The study's findings can inform further research on the role of great power competition in shaping energy transitions in developing countries.

    The influence of Sino-US geopolitical competition in green supply chains and climate finance on Indonesia's energy transition · 2026 · DOI

  • The study identifies a gap in understanding how developing middle powers navigate great power competition in the context of energy transition. The research gap is related to the lack of analysis on the influencing mechanisms of Sino-US strategic competition on Indonesia's energy transition.

    The influence of Sino-US geopolitical competition in green supply chains and climate finance on Indonesia's energy transition · 2026 · DOI

  • The concept of nuclear latency is not well-studied in relation to market reactions. Geopolitical risk has failed to be successfully joined with market reactions.

    The Market Didn't Flinch: Nuclear Latency, Geopolitical Risk, and Oil Price Formation · 2026 · DOI

  • The existing literature predominantly argues that state capacity for industrial policy depends on nationally oriented features. The paper identifies a gap in understanding the internationally oriented dimension of state capacity.

    Internationalizing Industrial Policy: How China and the United States Use State Capacity to Secure Critical Minerals for Electric Vehicles · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research should analyze the long-term implications of Europe's energy decoupling from Russia. The study's findings highlight the need for further research on the impact of energy decoupling on energy security and geopolitical relations. Additional research is needed to understand the role of other energy suppliers, such as the US, in promoting European energy security.

    Energy security dynamics in Europe amid transatlantic decoupling from Russia · 2026 · DOI

  • The study identifies a gap in the understanding of the impact of Europe's energy decoupling on energy security and geopolitical relations. The research highlights the need for a comprehensive analysis of the strategic, institutional, and normative dimensions of energy politics.

    Energy security dynamics in Europe amid transatlantic decoupling from Russia · 2026 · DOI

  • Future studies could examine the impact of post-2022 developments on regional electricity trade. Future studies could analyze the relationship between electricity trade and other factors, such as geopolitical developments. Future studies could explore the potential for regional economic initiatives to promote electricity trade.

    Electricity Trade in Southeast Europe: Evidence from Bulgaria and Its Neighboring Interconnected Markets · 2026 · DOI

  • The region of Southeast Europe is still not sufficiently well connected to the EU in technical terms. There is a lack of studies examining cross-border electricity trade in this region. The study aims to fill this gap by examining the relationship between electricity production, consumption, and exports.

    Electricity Trade in Southeast Europe: Evidence from Bulgaria and Its Neighboring Interconnected Markets · 2026 · DOI

  • The study identifies a gap in the understanding of the European Union's dependence on Russian mineral fuels. The analysis highlights the need for a comprehensive examination of the EU's energy security.

    Long-term EU energy dependence on Russia and its transformation after 2022 · 2026 · DOI

  • Across the European Union, output is set to increase by more than 2% in 2021, due primarily to higher electricity demand in France and a new reactor in Slovakia, but this increase is insufficient to make up for the drop in 2020.

    Long-term EU energy dependence on Russia and its transformation after 2022 · 2026 · DOI

  • The EU's neighbourhood policies and energy security in Central Asia have not been fully examined from a geopolitical perspective. The potential of Central Asia as a critical supplier of critical raw materials for the European Union has not been fully explored.

    A Silver Lining or Wishful Thinking? Central Asia in the EU’s Critical Raw Materials Strategy · 2026 · DOI

  • Second, although the EU issued a joint declaration with Central Asian countries to enhance CRM cooperation, the extent to which this initiative will contribute to regional integration remains uncertain, especially given that the EU has simultaneously pursued bilateral agreements with individual states.

    A Silver Lining or Wishful Thinking? Central Asia in the EU’s Critical Raw Materials Strategy · 2026 · DOI

  • While extensive literature has addressed EU–Russia energy ties, the mechanisms through which geopolitical shocks reshape energy policies – particularly the interplay between securitisation, diversification, and strategic leadership – remain insufficiently theorised.

    The Geopolitical Energy Transition Between Russia and the EU (2014–2024): An Analysis of Germany’s Role in Reshaping Energy Security After the Ukraine Crisis · 2026 · DOI

  • The study relies on secondary data, which may lag real-time developments - There are potential biases in official sources - The analysis is limited to the period 2014-2025

    From Vulnerability to Diversification: The Baltic States’ Energy Landscape Amidst the Russia–Ukraine War · 2026 · DOI

  • The emergence of several new dimensions means that no universally accepted definition of energy security exists - The study aims to address this gap by analysing the Baltic States' energy landscape - The paper evaluates the role of infrastructure and EU support in the region's transition to energy independence

    From Vulnerability to Diversification: The Baltic States’ Energy Landscape Amidst the Russia–Ukraine War · 2026 · DOI

  • The study identifies a gap in the understanding of how countries navigate the dual challenges of energy security and the green transition. The gap is particularly relevant in the context of global economic turbulence.

    Energy Security and Green Transition in Times of Economic Turmoil: Comparative Insights from Romania and Spain · 2026 · DOI

  • (2023). hydrogen. Energies, 16(437). Ajanovic, A., & Haas, R. (2021). On the future prospects of hydrogen and fuel cells in transport. Energies, 14(4823). https://doi.org/10.3390/en14164823 Aklin, M., & Urpelainen, J. (2018). Renewable energy: Politics, policies, and prospects for sustainability. MIT Press. Year XXVIII no.

    Energy Security and Green Transition in Times of Economic Turmoil: Comparative Insights from Romania and Spain · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research can focus on examining the impact of economic security on sustainable development in other regions. The relationship between economic security and sustainable development can be further analyzed using different methodologies.

    Energy Security and Sustainable Development of the Energy Sector: Comparative Analysis of the Visegrad Group Countries · 2026 · DOI

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131 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 1,413 Global Energy Security and Policy papers in our library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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