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Open research questions in GNSS positioning and interference

111 gap statements mined from GNSS positioning and interference papers in our 4.5M-paper local library, which holds 1,301 papers on the topic — drawn mostly from each paper's own stated research gap, future-work, challenge and limitation notes, and its abstract. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one.

Choosing where to publish on GNSS positioning and interference? See the ranked Engineering journals.

What the literature leaves open

  • Further research is needed to develop a more robust and flexible GNSS ionospheric delay correction model. The application of the proposed model to other regions and scenarios should be investigated. The integration of the proposed model with other GNSS PNT performance enhancement techniques should be explored.

    A Geomagnetic Ambient-Aware GNSS Ionospheric Delay Correction Model Improves GNSS PNT Performance for Urban Science Applications · 2026 · DOI

  • Traditional GNSS ionospheric delay correction models cannot resolve the ionospheric effect mitigation problem. The global nature and intrinsic lack of agility and flexibility of traditional models are limitations.

    A Geomagnetic Ambient-Aware GNSS Ionospheric Delay Correction Model Improves GNSS PNT Performance for Urban Science Applications · 2026 · DOI

  • Spoofing attacks can easily overpower authentic GNSS signals. Receivers are susceptible to high-power local signal injections. Existing countermeasures are limited in their effectiveness under dynamic conditions.

    GNSS Spoofing Attacks and Countermeasures in Military Missile Systems: A Scoping Review · 2026 · DOI

  • Most existing approaches are evaluated under static or low-dynamic conditions. The review highlights a critical gap in the validation of spoofing protection and mitigation strategies under high-dynamic missile environments.

    GNSS Spoofing Attacks and Countermeasures in Military Missile Systems: A Scoping Review · 2026 · DOI

  • The gap is that the benefit of LEO augmentation for PPP time transfer is not well understood. The paper identifies a need to investigate the impact of elevation-cutoff conditions on LEO-augmented multi-GNSS PPP time transfer.

    Elevation-cutoff-dependent convergence and steady-state performance of LEO-augmented multi-GNSS PPP time transfer · 2026 · DOI

  • However, it remains unclear whether low Earth orbit (LEO) geometric augmentation yields a consistent elevation-cutoff response for both convergence and steady-state performance.

    Elevation-cutoff-dependent convergence and steady-state performance of LEO-augmented multi-GNSS PPP time transfer · 2026 · DOI

  • Despite its technical maturity, the lack of standardized observation-independent exchange format remains a significant challenge for effective data exchange and unified processing of occultation data.

    PyROEX: a python-based open-source software toolkit for GNSS radio occultation data preprocessing in ROEX format · 2026 · DOI

  • It is expected that this software will contribute to the widespread adoption of the ROEX format, thereby reducing the economic costs, time costs, and personnel costs associated with data exchange, communication, and software development caused by inconsistent data formats, and accelerate the operational application of GNSS occultation products.

    PyROEX: a python-based open-source software toolkit for GNSS radio occultation data preprocessing in ROEX format · 2026 · DOI

  • Adding observations from the other available missions (for example METOP) improved matters, but was still insufficient to reliably reconstruct AR structure.

    A feasibility study to reconstruct atmospheric rivers using space- and ground-based GNSS observations · 2025 · DOI

  • Analyses using existing RO data, such as from the COSMIC-2 mission, showed that the sampling density is insufficient to resolve and geo-locate ARs.

    A feasibility study to reconstruct atmospheric rivers using space- and ground-based GNSS observations · 2025 · DOI

  • Limited studies on MF-LC receivers have reported comparable observations and positioning performance to geodetic GNSS receivers.

    Recent advances and applications of low-cost GNSS receivers: a review · 2025 · DOI

  • Specifically, the single antenna based anti-jamming techniques cannot deal with wideband Gaussian noise interference because it is not sparse in time or frequency domain, while the only effective method currently is using multiple antennas to apply the space array processing (SAP) technique since the wideband Gaussian noise interference is sparse in the spatial domain.

    Deep neural network based anti-jamming processing in the GNSS array receiver · 2025 · DOI

  • The experimental results show that the robustness and applicability of AMHE are better than those of extended Kalman filter (EKF) for LaGNSS when the GPS satellites are insufficient.

    Actualization Analysis of LEO Opportunistic Doppler Aided GNSS Precise Point Positioning Using Moving Horizon Estimation · 2024 · DOI

  • However, its feasibility on Doppler frequency correction has not been investigated yet.

    Ray-Tracing Correction for GNSS Velocity Estimation Using Doppler Frequency: A Feasibility Analysis · 2024 · DOI

  • When the instantaneous visibility of LEO satellites is insufficient, independent dynamic positioning cannot be realized, necessitating the combination with Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) for dynamic positioning.

    A Dynamic Initialization Method for LEO/INS Integrated Positioning · 2024 · DOI

  • 7 mm is highlighted and shown to be stable over time; its origin has not yet been determined but its magnitude seems related to the antenna type of the CentipedeRTK stations.

    Evaluation of tropospheric estimates from CentipedeRTK, a collaborative network of low-cost GNSS stations · 2024 · DOI

  • However, the enhancement of performance through the simultaneous utilization of BDS-2 and BDS-3 in real-time kinematic (RTK) applications remains insufficiently investigated.

    Assessment of overlapping triple-frequency BDS-3/BDS-2/INS tightly coupled integration model in kinematic surveying · 2024 · DOI

  • We found that while removing outliers can improve model accuracy, it may result in unavailable prediction due to a lack of data in a spare network.

    Detecting outliers in local ionospheric model for GNSS precise positioning · 2024 · DOI

  • Achieving these definitions has been an open problem for the past 20 years, and to date, no methods have effectively achieved either definition in multimode datasets.

    Maximum non-bounded difference method for overbounding Global Navigation Satellite System errors · 2024 · DOI

  • However, the lack of standardized tools for converting Android GNSS raw data into Receiver Independent Exchange (RINEX) format poses a significant challenge for researchers and practitioners.

    Python toolbox for android GNSS raw data to RINEX conversion · 2024 · DOI

  • Limited sky visibility in urban areas, affecting satellite availability and constellation geometry. Representation of environmental obstacles, particularly vegetation, in the DSM.

    Quantitative Validation of a GNSS Campaign Planning Model for Kinematic Surveys: A Comparison of GPS and GPS/GLONASS Configurations · 2026 · DOI

  • The retrieval of Precipitable Water Vapour (PWV) from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) in thermodynamically complex environments is significantly limited by the accuracy of the weighted mean temperature (Tm).

    Enhancing GNSS water vapour retrieval via synergistic microwave radiometry: thermodynamic error diagnosis and bias correction · 2026 · DOI

  • For LEO satellites, the distribution of various ephemeris parameters is of concern as setting proper thresholds is important when designing the satellite navigation message, yet it is rarely studied.

    Characteristics of probability distribution and fitting accuracy for LEO satellite ephemeris · 2026 · DOI

  • There are many GNSS anti-jamming techniques in the existing research, which can achieve good results if the interferences are sparsely distinguishable in some signal feature domains.

    Deep neural network based anti-jamming processing in the GNSS array receiver · 2025 · DOI

  • The method may not be applicable to all UAV configurations. The study does not address the potential countermeasures to the proposed spoofing method.

    Towards effective GNSS repeater spoofing: performance evaluation and power control · 2026 · DOI

Most-cited papers in GNSS positioning and interference

Most recent work

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Open questions raised by papers listed on this page include: (1) Further research is needed to develop a more robust and flexible GNSS ionospheric delay correction model (“A Geomagnetic Ambient-Aware GNSS Ionospheric Delay Correction Model Improves…”, 2026); (2) The gap is that the benefit of LEO augmentation for PPP time transfer is not well understood (“Elevation-cutoff-dependent convergence and steady-state performance of…”, 2026); (3) Despite its technical maturity, the lack of standardized observation-independent exchange format remains a significant challenge for effective data exchange and unified processing of occultation data (“PyROEX: a python-based open-source software toolkit for GNSS radio occultation…”, 2026); (4) Its feasibility on Doppler frequency correction has not been investigated yet (“Ray-Tracing Correction for GNSS Velocity Estimation Using Doppler Frequency: A…”, 2024); (5) The lack of standardized tools for converting Android GNSS raw data into Receiver Independent Exchange (RINEX) format poses a significant challenge for researchers and practitioners (“Python toolbox for android GNSS raw data to RINEX conversion”, 2024). 111 gap statements have been mined from GNSS positioning and interference papers in our 4.5M-paper local library, which holds 1,301 papers on the topic; the gaps come from whichever of those papers state one. They are mostly the research gaps the authors state and the papers' abstracts, plus future-work, limitations and challenges passages. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one, so you can read the original claim in context.

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