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Open research questions in Graphene research and applications

167 gap statements mined from Graphene research and applications papers in our 4.5M-paper local library, which holds 2,030 papers on the topic — drawn mostly from each paper's own stated research gap, future-work, challenge and limitation notes, and its abstract. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one.

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What the literature leaves open

  • By pumping high-quality graphite with an intense MIR pulse, we provide direct spectroscopic evidence of robust Floquet-induced gaps in both the VB and CB of graphite, despite the presence of photo-excitation and interlayer coupling. The Floquet-induced gap, Floquet sideband and relaxation of photo-excited carriers are disentangled through their distinct timescales.

    Robust Floquet-indued gap in irradiated graphite · 2026 · DOI

  • The gap identified is the lack of control over proton transport and hydrogenation in twisted bilayer graphene. Prior work has not demonstrated the use of double gating to control these processes.

    Layer-selective hydrogenation and proton transport in twisted bilayer graphene · 2026 · DOI

  • While the paper establishes that layer-selective hydrogenation-dehydrogenation cycles operate with 12.5 s duration at specified gate voltages (Vt and Vb), the scalability and cycling stability of this electrochemical process over hundreds or thousands of cycles, and degradation mechanisms in the ionic gate structure, remain unexplored.

    Layer-selective hydrogenation and proton transport in twisted bilayer graphene · 2026 · DOI

  • The lack of cost-effective and environmentally friendly methods for synthesizing graphene oxide. The limited understanding of the effects of source material variation on the quality of the synthesized graphene oxide. The need for further research on the applications of graphene oxide in various fields.

    Synthesis and applications of graphene oxide from agricultural wastes: a review · 2026 · DOI

  • The lack of a naturally occurring platform for exploring moiré physics and pseudo-electromagnetic fields. The technical demands of precise control of interlayer twist angles in artificial systems.

    Incommensurate Moiré stacking and Landau quantization without external magnetic field in turbostratic graphene · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research should focus on overcoming reproducibility, toxicity, and scalability barriers. The development of integrated computational-experimental approaches is suggested. Standardized protocols and life-cycle assessments are necessary for sustainable deployment.

    Recent Advances in Nanoparticle Functionalization of Graphene Oxide: A Critical Review · 2026 · DOI

  • The gap is the need for sustainable, scalable, and reproducible methods for nanoparticle functionalization of graphene oxide. The gap also includes the need for standardized protocols and life-cycle assessments.

    Recent Advances in Nanoparticle Functionalization of Graphene Oxide: A Critical Review · 2026 · DOI

  • At the same time, several important challenges still need to be addressed before LIG can be more widely translated into practical systems. Long-term environmental and mechanical stability remains a key concern under repeated deformation, prolonged humidity exposure, and chemically harsh conditions.

    Laser-induced graphene for micro- and nano-manufacturing: fundamentals, processing approaches, and emerging applications · 2026 · DOI

  • The experiment is limited by the inherent twist-angle disorder in the sample. The QTM junction is modelled as a three-plate capacitor, which may not capture all the complexities of the system.

    Imaging the flat bands of magic-angle graphene reshaped by interactions · 2026 · DOI

  • Further studies can use the QTM to explore other quantum materials and regimes. The QTM can be used to probe the electronic properties of materials in previously inaccessible regimes. Theoretical models can be developed to better understand the QTM's capabilities and limitations.

    Imaging the flat bands of magic-angle graphene reshaped by interactions · 2026 · DOI

  • Further research could investigate the use of chemisorption of individual hydrogen atoms on graphene for quantum technologies. The development of new quantum devices using ultra-long-range spin coupling could be explored. Theoretical models could be developed to understand the mechanisms underlying the observed ultra-long-range spin coupling.

    Ultra-long-range spin coupling in graphene revealed by atomically resolved spin excitations · 2026 · DOI

  • The challenge of combining atomic scale control with sufficiently strong long-range interactions remains a gap in the field. Prior research has focused on enhancing spin lifetimes and coherence times, but has not demonstrated ultra-long-range spin coupling.

    Ultra-long-range spin coupling in graphene revealed by atomically resolved spin excitations · 2026 · DOI

  • Controllable fabrication and structural uniformity remain challenging. Rational structural design for multifunctional performance is still largely empirical. Interfacial and structure-property characterization under realistic conditions remains insufficient.

    Carbon Nanomaterials for Multifunctional Applications · 2026 · DOI

  • The current methods of reduction are not cost-effective and environment-friendly. There is a need for a biological reduction method that is cost-effective and environment-friendly.

    Biological reduction of graphene oxide and its application onto cotton fabric for multifunctional properties · 2026 · DOI

  • The role of molecular topology in MR-TADF properties has not been fully investigated. The impact of planarity on the photophysical properties of B,N-doped nanographenes is not well understood.

    Topological structure optimization of B,N-doped nanographenes for deep-blue emitters · 2026 · DOI

  • Imaging magnetotransport at the nanoscale is challenging due to the need for high sensitivity and resolution. The complex interplay of intrinsic MR, carrier hydrodynamics, interface resistance, and device geometry makes it difficult to interpret experimental results.

    Direct imaging of magnetotransport at graphene-metal interfaces with a single-spin quantum sensor · 2026 · DOI

  • Further studies can investigate the electronic properties of other non-centrosymmetric mixed-stacked multilayer graphene systems. Theoretical models can be developed to describe the electronic properties of these systems. Experimental techniques can be improved to explore the emergent correlated and topological electronic states.

    Intrinsic Layer Polarization and Multi-flatband Transport in Non-centrosymmetric Mixed-Stacked Multilayer Graphene · 2026 · DOI

  • The electronic properties of non-centrosymmetric mixed-stacked multilayer graphene are not well understood. The interplay between spontaneous symmetry breaking and Berry curvatures is not fully explored.

    Intrinsic Layer Polarization and Multi-flatband Transport in Non-centrosymmetric Mixed-Stacked Multilayer Graphene · 2026 · DOI

  • The study does not investigate the long-term stability of the nanofluids. The study only considers a limited range of concentrations (1, 3, and 5%). The study does not compare the results with other types of nanofluids.

    Synthesis of graphene oxide via ball milling and characterization of its nanofluid properties · 2026 · DOI

  • Further study of the electronic properties of turbostratic graphene. Exploration of the material's potential for electronic devices. Investigation of the effects of pseudo-magnetic fields on the material's properties.

    Incommensurate Moiré stacking and Landau quantization without external magnetic field in turbostratic graphene · 2026 · DOI

  • Direct probes of exchange statistics to confirm the non-Abelian nature of the 5/2 state. Experimental studies of non-Abelian quasiparticles in mixed-stacked graphene. Further tuning of correlated topological phases in this system.

    Cascade of even-denominator fractional quantum Hall states in mixed-stacked multilayer graphene · 2026 · DOI

  • Investigating the long-term stability of graphene oxide nanofluids. Evaluating the potential of graphene oxide nanofluids for other applications. Comparing the results with other types of nanofluids.

    Synthesis of graphene oxide via ball milling and characterization of its nanofluid properties · 2026 · DOI

  • The use of diversified reducing agents for producing rGO. The application of reduced graphene oxide in smart textiles, electronics, photonics, battery and supercapacitors, health monitoring, biomedical and nanomedicine fields.

    Biological reduction of graphene oxide and its application onto cotton fabric for multifunctional properties · 2026 · DOI

  • Converting triplet excitons into singlet excitons due to the moderately large singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔEST). Achieving high RISC rates. Developing efficient blue emitters for ultrahigh-definition displays.

    Topological structure optimization of B,N-doped nanographenes for deep-blue emitters · 2026 · DOI

  • To apply the technique to other materials and devices to study magnetotransport phenomena. To further develop the scanning single-spin quantum magnetometer for improved sensitivity and resolution.

    Direct imaging of magnetotransport at graphene-metal interfaces with a single-spin quantum sensor · 2026 · DOI

Most-cited papers in Graphene research and applications

Most recent work

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Open questions raised by papers listed on this page include: (1) The gap identified is the lack of control over proton transport and hydrogenation in twisted bilayer graphene (“Layer-selective hydrogenation and proton transport in twisted bilayer graphene”, 2026); (2) The lack of cost-effective and environmentally friendly methods for synthesizing graphene oxide (“Synthesis and applications of graphene oxide from agricultural wastes: a review”, 2026); (3) The lack of a naturally occurring platform for exploring moiré physics and pseudo-electromagnetic fields (“Incommensurate Moiré stacking and Landau quantization without external magnetic…”, 2026); (4) Future research should focus on overcoming reproducibility, toxicity, and scalability barriers (“Recent Advances in Nanoparticle Functionalization of Graphene Oxide: A Critical…”, 2026); (5) Further research could investigate the use of chemisorption of individual hydrogen atoms on graphene for quantum technologies (“Ultra-long-range spin coupling in graphene revealed by atomically resolved spin…”, 2026). 167 gap statements have been mined from Graphene research and applications papers in our 4.5M-paper local library, which holds 2,030 papers on the topic; the gaps come from whichever of those papers state one. They are mostly the research gaps the authors state and the papers' abstracts, plus future-work, limitations and challenges passages. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one, so you can read the original claim in context.

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