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Open research questions in Maritime Security and History

26 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 1,209 Maritime Security and History papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made to the Nigerian Government, they should: • Improve corridor and port security governance through more defined mandates, regular joint operations, and information-sharing protocols to reduce fragmentation in response. • Expand visibility and surveillance technology where it can enhance maritime domain awareness and corridor observation, and integrate these with actionable intelligence processes. • Establish risk management practices in logistics companies and seaport stakeholders, such as regular risk analysis, incident reporting, and stakeholder relationship management, as done in Nigerian seaport practices. • Apply community-related intelligence and trust-building strategies in high-risk road corridors and coastal areas to ensure early warning and community support for enforcement capacity. Scientific Journal of Safety and Logistics 2026, Vol. 1, Issue 1. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18911272 12 www. sjsl.net Give utmost importance to energy infrastructure protection and environmental enforcement in pipeline corridors, and establish collaboration frameworks for multi-stakeholder cooperation before, during, and after incidents. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, Gbadegesin A. E. and Somuyiwa, A. O.; methodology, Gbadegesin A. E.; formal analysis, Gbadegesin A. E.; investigation, Gbadegesin A. E.; resources, Gbadegesin A. E.; data curation, Somuyiwa, A. O..; writing- original draft preparation, Gbadegesin A. E.; writing-review and editing, Gbadegesin A. E.; visualization, X.X.; supervision, Somuyiwa, A. O. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding.

    Logistics Security in Nigeria: Mapping Risks and Mitigation Practices Across Maritime, Road, and Energy Supply Chains (2011-2026) · 2026 · DOI

  • In addition, he/she declares that Inonu University Law Review and its editorial board have no responsibility for any ethical violations that may be encountered, and that this study has not been evaluated or published in any academic publication environment other than Inonu University Law Review.

    GAZZE DENİZ ABLUKASI ÖRNEĞİ ÜZERİNDEN MODERN DENİZ ABLUKA HUKUKUNUN NORMATİF DÖNÜŞÜM İHTİYACI · 2026 · DOI

  • ASEAN must capitalise on the momentum generated by the review of the SEANWFZ Plan of Action, which expires in 2027, to draft new legislation establishing a regional sanctions mechanism. Furthermore, ASEAN member states must incorporate the SEANWFZ nuclear ban into their national sectoral maritime laws in order to strengthen their legal bargaining position vis-a-vis foreign military fleets within their EEZs and ALKI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author would like to express gratitude to colleagues at the Faculty of Law, Diponegoro University, for being invaluable discussion partners in the preparation of this journal. The author would like to thank the reviewers and editors for their efforts in shaping this paper. REFERENCES 1) Acharya, A. (2014). Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order. London: Routledge. 2) Acharya, A. (2021). ASEAN and Regional Order: Revisiting Security Community in Southeast Asia. London: Routledge. 3) Anthony, M. C. (2024). ASEAN and Regional Security in the Indo-Pacific. Contemporary Southeast Asia Vol. 45 No. 2, 201-220. 4) ASEAN Charter, 2007 (Piagam ASEAN). 5) Bambang Sugono, Metode Penelitian Hukum, (Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, 2006) 6) Brownlie, I. (2012). Principles of Public International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7) Buzan, B., & Wæver, O. (2003). Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security. Cmbridge: Cambridge University Press. 8) Charter of the United Nations, 1945 (Piagam Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa). 9) Chayes, A., & Chayes, A. H. (1995). The New Sovereignty: Compliance with International Regulatory Agreements. Harvard: Harvard University Press. 10) Emmers, R. (2002). The Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone. The Pacific Review Vol. 15 No. 3, 419-433. 11) Krasner, S. D. (1983). International Regimes. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 12) Muhaimin, Metode Penelitian Hukum, (Mataram: UPT. Mataram University Press, 2020) 13) Roni Hanitjo Soemitro, Metode Penelitian Hukum dan Jurimetri, (Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia, 1982) 14) Rothwell, D. R. (2023). AUKUS and the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Loophole in the NPT. Australian Year Book of International Law Vol. 40, 1-15. 15) Shaker, M. I. (1980). The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty: Origin and Implementation. London: Oceana Publications. 16) Shaw, M. N. (2017). International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 17) Soerjono Soekanto, Pengantar Penelitian Hukum (Jakarta: UI Press, 1986) 18) Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, 1976 (Traktat Persahabatan dan Kerja Sama di Asia Tenggara). 19) Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, 1968 (Traktat Non-Proliferasi Senjata Nuklir). 20) Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone, 1995 (Traktat Kawasan Bebas Senjata Nuklir Asia Tenggara).

    The Implementation of the SEANWFZ Treaty Legal Framework as a Means of Maintaining Security in the Southeast Asian Region · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper proposes that maritime cyber resilience depends on governance arrangements reconciling sovereignty preservation with cooperative intelligence exchange but does not empirically test how different configurations of the Cooperative Sovereignty framework would perform under varying threat scenarios (targeted port attacks, supply chain disruptions, vessel-to-vessel intrusions).

    Governing Cross-Border Cyber Threat Intelligence Sharing for Maritime Security Resilience in the Strait of Malacca · 2026 · DOI

  • The MCIN architecture preserves local data control while enabling encrypted exchange but lacks specification of technical standards for signal anonymisation, encryption protocols (algorithms, key management), data retention policies, or audit mechanisms that would be needed to operationalize the federated nodes linking Indonesian, Malaysian, and Singaporean CERTs.

    Governing Cross-Border Cyber Threat Intelligence Sharing for Maritime Security Resilience in the Strait of Malacca · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper identifies coordination deficits and normative sensitivities as primary obstacles to cyber threat intelligence sharing in Global South regions but does not quantify the relative impact of fragmentation across agencies versus legal classification barriers versus sovereignty-centred diplomatic traditions on actual intelligence-sharing delays.

    Governing Cross-Border Cyber Threat Intelligence Sharing for Maritime Security Resilience in the Strait of Malacca · 2026 · DOI

  • The study claims MCIN offers a scalable model transferable to other Global South maritime chokepoints (Strait of Hormuz, Bab el-Mandeb) but provides no comparative analysis of institutional capacity asymmetries, cybersecurity investment disparities, or sovereignty norm variations across these regions that would be required to validate scalability.

    Governing Cross-Border Cyber Threat Intelligence Sharing for Maritime Security Resilience in the Strait of Malacca · 2026 · DOI

  • While the paper proposes confidence-building measures through ASEAN Defence Ministers' Meeting-Plus (ADMM-Plus) tabletop exercises, it does not specify the simulation scenarios, participant roles, evaluation metrics, or frequency of exercises required to operationalize the Cooperative Sovereignty framework within the federated MCIN model.

    Governing Cross-Border Cyber Threat Intelligence Sharing for Maritime Security Resilience in the Strait of Malacca · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper identifies delayed inter-agency notification and classification mismatches as recurring barriers to cross-border cyber threat intelligence sharing but does not empirically measure response time gaps or document specific examples of how classification incompatibilities between Indonesian, Malaysian, and Singaporean agencies impede real-time intelligence exchange.

    Governing Cross-Border Cyber Threat Intelligence Sharing for Maritime Security Resilience in the Strait of Malacca · 2026 · DOI

  • The federated MCIN architecture is described abstractly with encrypted signal exchange across nodes, but lacks empirical validation of inter-operability protocols between Indonesia's, Malaysia's, and Singapore's national CERTs or specifications for anonymisation techniques that preserve analytical utility while protecting data sovereignty.

    Governing Cross-Border Cyber Threat Intelligence Sharing for Maritime Security Resilience in the Strait of Malacca · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper proposes a legally binding Model Agreement on Maritime Cyber Data Exchange for littoral states in the Strait of Malacca but does not specify the liability frameworks, data protection standards, or confidentiality safeguards that would incentivize port operators and logistics firms to report cyber anomalies detected in their systems.

    Governing Cross-Border Cyber Threat Intelligence Sharing for Maritime Security Resilience in the Strait of Malacca · 2026 · DOI

  • Secondly, self-sustaining economic security remains elusive, with the country failing to emulate the economic successes of its ASEAN neighbours, Singapore and Malaysia.

    The Philippine defence-development-disaster security paradigm · 2022 · DOI

  • For example, McKnight references the widely used practice of "catch and release," where suspected pirates are caught guilty only to be set free for lack of evidence.

    Terry and the Pirates: A Firsthand Account of the Continuing Struggle Against Piracy · 2013 · DOI

  • Contemporary piracy is a booming criminal activity, not only because of its high profitability with an extremely positive cost-benefit balance for the perpetrators, but also due to the acute vulnerability of the targets, lack of awareness and specific countermeasures along with the highly underreported nature of the crime.

    From sea to land. An all-encompassing approach · 2009 · DOI

  • While useful in countering a traditional CBN (chemical/biological/nuclear)/WMD threat, current counter-proliferation and non-proliferation regimes are insufficient to meet the challenge of maritime terrorism.

    The challenge of maritime terrorism: Threat identification, WMD and regime response · 2005 · DOI

  • First, it focuses on relatively understudied Coast Guards and demonstrates the important international roles they are playing in the collective maritime governance of the Indo-Pacific at a time when they are being formally recognized by the Quad.

    Quad coast guards in the Indo-Pacific: informal networked regional governance through practice transfer · 2024 · DOI

  • Maritime diplomacy remains a poorly defined concept despite the fact that the maritime domain carries implications for the ways in which states relate to one another both in the past and in the contemporary era.

    Exploring maritime diplomacy of small island developing states in Africa: cases of Mauritius and Seychelles · 2022 · DOI

  • The current discourse of maritime diplomacy has been strictly limited to the utilization of hard power as an essential tool to produce diplomatic goals through the sea, side-lining the potential of the dissemination of culture as a soft power tool to construct mutual awareness and understanding.

    Examining the Relevance of Indonesia’s Maritime Culture in the Discourse of Social Bonding in Maritime Diplomacy: Case Study in South Sulawesi · 2021 · DOI

  • Since this multilateral exercise has rarely been studied, this article attempts to qualitatively examine how this exercise has developed and contributed to Indonesia’s multilateral defence diplomacy.

    Multilateral Naval Exercise Komodo: Enhancing Indonesia’s Multilateral Defence Diplomacy? · 2021 · DOI

  • Although the maritime means and ends vary widely between peacetime and wartime contexts, the fundamentally contested aspect of sea use can still be discerned in the influence of international maritime law on Norwegian seapower.

    Sea Control by Other Means: Norwegian Coast Guard Operations Under International Maritime Law · 2019 · DOI

  • In the broader context of regional studies, the South Atlantic comes across as a singular, yet still understudied case study for the formation, evolution, and regression of security regionalism dynamics.

    Stretching the Limits? Strengths and Pitfalls of South Atlantic Security Regionalism · 2017 · DOI

  • In spite of general agreement that establishing the rule of law is central to properly functioning economies, little is known about the cost of law and order breakdowns.

    THE WELFARE COST OF LAWLESSNESS: EVIDENCE FROM SOMALI PIRACY · 2014 · DOI

  • On the other hand, the different interests of ship-owners, seafarers and insurers, as well as a lack of agreement between the different ministries, are major challenges for German maritime security governance.

    German maritime security governance: a perspective on the Indian Ocean Region · 2012 · DOI

  • -Mexico border security exists, recent developments—coupled with pre-existing gaps in the literature—suggest that much crucial work remains to be done to understand and evaluate the complex dynamics of the new border security environment.

    Directions in border security research · 2003 · DOI

  • This article therefore fills a gap in the literature by studying aspects of the shipping trade during the First World War, when shipping was indispensable for maintaining economic links between Britain and her colonies.

    Elder Dempster and the Shipping Trade of Nigeria during the First World War · 1992 · DOI

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26 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 1,209 Maritime Security and History papers in our library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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