Open research questions in Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
877 gap statements mined from Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture papers in our 7.9M-paper local library, which holds 4,634 papers on the topic — drawn mostly from each paper's own stated research gap, future-work, challenge and limitation notes, and its abstract. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one.
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What the literature leaves open
The lack of quantum secure multi-party computation protocols with verifiability of result integrity. The need for a protocol that can dynamically add or remove members and update secret integers during execution. The limitation of prior work in addressing input authenticity.
Verifiable dynamic quantum secure multi-party multiplication protocol based on homomorphic encryption · 2026 · DOIIt highlights the need for efficient feature extraction and classification methods. The authors also discuss the challenge of evaluating the performance of hybrid classical-quantum models.
Lack of research on non-separable constacyclic codes over mixed-alphabet rings. Limited construction methods for quantum error-correcting codes. Need for new algebraic structures for coding theory.
Hulls of Non-Separable Constacyclic Codes over FqR and Their Applications in Constructing New QECCs · 2026 · DOIThe lack of a comprehensive analytical paradigm for quantum queueing theory. The need for models that account for decoherence, thermal load, and entanglement degradation in quantum systems. The limitation of classical queueing theory in modeling quantum systems.
Machine learning-based performance prediction in quantum queueing: comparative evaluation of tree and neural models for fidelity, heat and latency · 2026 · DOIThe lack of understanding of whether a resource-constrained learner can use interaction with a resource-unconstrained but untrusted party to solve a learning or testing problem more efficiently. The need for a framework to understand the limitations and potential of delegating learning and testing problems to resource-rich but untrusted third parties.
The number of unknown variables in the quantum brachistochrone technique is large. The complexity of the control problem increases with the size of the system. The need to minimize the evolution time while satisfying physical constraints on the system Hamiltonian.
The increasing depth of quantum circuits is a major limitation. Prior techniques for reducing circuit depth have limitations. There is a need for new techniques to optimize the depth of CNOT ladder circuits.
The need for more efficient methods for pattern recognition at high-energy colliders. The potential for quantum computing applications to deliver significant efficiency gains. The gap in current research on the application of quantum computing to high-energy physics.
Quantum artificial intelligence for pattern recognition at high-energy colliders: Tales of Three “Quantums” · 2026 · DOIClassical approaches to rare-event sampling have limitations due to the rarity of such events. Quantum amplitude amplification alone is not sufficient due to the complexity of state preparation. There is a need for a quantum approach that can efficiently sample rare events.
The paper identifies the need to understand the effects of qubits' connectivity and variable coupling strengths on the dynamics of a network. The study aims to address the gap in understanding the robustness of the Chimera topology to perturbations.
Interplay of Connectivity and Unwanted Physical Interactions Within the Architecture of the D-Wave 2000Q Chimera Processor · 2025 · DOIQuantum machine-learning (QML) models are increasingly considered for security applications, yet their adversarial robustness in malware analysis remains insufficiently understood.
Q-MALDetect: Quantum Image-Based Malware Detection and Adversarial Robustness Analysis · 2026To investigate gauge theories with near-term quantum computers warrants exploration of nontraditional quantum simulators to find resource-efficient simulation protocols and ultimately access exotic features of different field theories, including unexplored regimes of the QCD phase diagram.
Lack of privacy protection in traditional federated learning. Failure to process deep and uneven brain data.
Quantum Tensor Network–Based Federated Learning for Privacy-Enhanced Neuro-AI in Healthcare: A Comprehensive Review · 2026 · DOITraditional scalar kernel architectures are insufficient for edge computing. The need for a kernel that can handle high-throughput vector data without traditional interrupt-driven scalar logic overhead.
The study is limited to emulation and does not use actual quantum hardware. The number of qubits is limited to 6. The study only considers three biomedical datasets.
Design of a hybrid quantum machine learning architecture and analysis of quantum noise effects · 2026 · DOIThe study addresses the gap in existing research on hybrid classical-quantum models for QML under noisy conditions.
Design of a hybrid quantum machine learning architecture and analysis of quantum noise effects · 2026 · DOIThese models are of great practical importance but notoriously difficult to solve due to prohibitively small mesh and time step sizes limited by the scaling parameter and CFL condition.
The interaction-shifting technique using particle-hole symmetry to cancel linear-in-Z terms and retain only ZZ couplings is demonstrated only for the spinless t–V model. Systematic characterization of which fermionic model classes (e.g., Hubbard models, molecular electronic structure Hamiltonians) admit similar symmetry-based interaction shifts to reduce coupling overhead is absent.
Explore the integration of post-quantum homomorphic encryption schemes into the protocol - Specifically, integrate lattice-based BGV/CKKS…
Verifiable dynamic quantum secure multi-party multiplication protocol based on homomorphic encryption · 2026 · DOIExploring other quantum machine learning architectures, - Applying the proposed solution to other medical image classification tasks, - Investigating the performance of the proposed solution in real-world…
State preparation, arithmetic, and error correction costs - Classical competitors and their costs - The need for a logical clock rate on the order of 50 MHz to reach quantum advantage over classical Monte…
Extending the PGF framework to accommodate general service distributions, - Accommodating state-dependent failure probabilities and thermodynamic feedback, - Developing data-driven approaches to overcome analytical…
Machine learning-based performance prediction in quantum queueing: comparative evaluation of tree and neural models for fidelity, heat and latency · 2026 · DOIInvestigating the effects of other types of physical interactions on the dynamics of the network, - Examining the robustness of other quantum annealing architectures to perturbations, - Developing more advanced error correction algorithms to compensate for the errors in quantum…
Interplay of Connectivity and Unwanted Physical Interactions Within the Architecture of the D-Wave 2000Q Chimera Processor · 2025 · DOIFinally, we discuss several open challenges of using QC in the context of 6G network applications.
Further study of the subject of safe and confidential neuro-AI systems. Development of quantum equipment and practices for real-world applications.
Quantum Tensor Network–Based Federated Learning for Privacy-Enhanced Neuro-AI in Healthcare: A Comprehensive Review · 2026 · DOI
Most-cited papers in Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor · Nature · 2019 · 6,783 citations
- The quantum internet · Nature · 2008 · 5,536 citations
- A scheme for efficient quantum computation with linear optics · Nature · 2001 · 5,187 citations
- Quantum machine learning · Nature · 2017 · 4,338 citations
- A single quantum cannot be cloned · Nature · 1982 · 4,131 citations
- Quantum computers · Nature · 2010 · 3,267 citations
- Universal Quantum Simulators · Science · 1996 · 2,494 citations
- Quantum computational advantage using photons · Science · 2020 · 2,240 citations
- Noisy intermediate-scale quantum algorithms · Reviews of Modern Physics · 2022 · 1,696 citations
- Quantum computational chemistry · Reviews of Modern Physics · 2020 · 1,501 citations
Most recent work
- Demonstration of low-overhead quantum error correction codes · Nature Physics · 2026
- Quantum Convolutional Neural Networks are Effectively Classically Simulable · PRX Quantum · 2026
- Optimal Quantum Algorithm for Gibbs State Preparation · Physical Review Letters · 2026
- Quantum-selected configuration interaction: Classical diagonalization of Hamiltonians in subspaces selected by quantum computers · Physical Review Research · 2026
- A CDGFN-Based Quantum Multisource Information Fusion With Its Application in Time Series Classification · IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering · 2026
- The Quantum Fold Machine - An Exact, Parameter-Free and Machine-Closed Derivation of Reversible and Quantum Computation from Smithian Fold Theory · Open MIND · 2026
- A versatile coherent Ising computing platform · Light Science & Applications · 2026
- A Multilevel Framework for Partitioning Quantum Circuits · Quantum · 2026
- Highly reliable quantum secure direct communication based on concatenated GKP-QLDPC codes · Science China Information Sciences · 2026
- Addressing the minor-embedding problem in quantum annealing and evaluating state-of-the-art algorithm performance · Future Generation Computer Systems · 2026
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