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Open research questions in Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy

444 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 3,435 Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • Investigate the effectiveness of digital strategies in low-and middle-income countries, - Examine the impact of digital strategies on routine vaccination programs, - Explore the use of emerging technologies and digital innovation in vaccine acceptance

    Digital Strategies To Counter Health Misinformation and Strengthen Vaccine Acceptance: a Scoping Review · 2026 · DOI

  • Limited research on digital strategies to counter health misinformation and strengthen vaccine acceptance. Lack of generalizability of existing research to routine vaccination programs and low-and middle-income countries. Heterogeneity in definitions of effectiveness limits direct comparability between studies.

    Digital Strategies To Counter Health Misinformation and Strengthen Vaccine Acceptance: a Scoping Review · 2026 · DOI

  • Further research could examine the relationship between religiosity and vaccination outcomes in more specific contexts, - Research could also explore how different religious traditions influence belief in science and vaccination intentions

    Between Faith and the Needle: Intrinsic Religiosity, Belief in Science, and COVID-19 Vaccination in a Six-Religion Multilevel Path Model · 2026 · DOI

  • The relationships between religiosity, science, and vaccination have rarely been examined across multiple faith traditions. Prior studies have not fully addressed the question of whether belief in science differs between religious groups and how this belief mediates the link between intrinsic religiosity and COVID-19 vaccination.

    Between Faith and the Needle: Intrinsic Religiosity, Belief in Science, and COVID-19 Vaccination in a Six-Religion Multilevel Path Model · 2026 · DOI

  • Highly educated, established immigrant populations remain understudied in vaccine-hesitancy research. The study aims to address this gap by examining the experiences of foreign-born Muslim Turkish parents in the US.

    Ethical analysis of childhood vaccination information processes among Turkish parents in the United States · 2026 · DOI

  • Limited evidence comparing determinants of full vaccination between conflict-affected and non-conflict regions. The need to address the underlying structural barriers to immunization in conflict-affected settings.

    Determinants of childhood vaccination differ between conflict-affected and non-conflict regions in Cameroon · 2026 · DOI

  • The gap between willingness and documented vaccination among trauma-exposed adults. The need to understand the factors associated with tetanus vaccination intention after trauma exposure in China.

    Behavioural and service-context correlates of tetanus vaccination intention after trauma exposure in China: a cross-sectional BeSD study · 2026 · DOI

  • These findings remain exploratory and non-causal because temporal ordering could not be established, and only 100 vaccination events occurred. Insufficient knowledge and inappropriate practices of emergency doctors towards tetanus prevention in trauma patients: a pilot survey.

    Behavioural and service-context correlates of tetanus vaccination intention after trauma exposure in China: a cross-sectional BeSD study · 2026 · DOI

  • Vaccine hesitancy and barriers to immunization, - The need for standardized training curricula for pharmacy technicians, - The challenge of integrating pharmacy technicians into immunization services

    Pharmacy Technicians in Immunization Services: Mapping Roles and Responsibilities Through a Scoping Review · 2025 · DOI

  • The lack of understanding of pharmacy technicians' roles and training curricula in immunization services, - The need for a comprehensive overview of pharmacy technicians' involvement in immunization services across various healthcare settings and countries

    Pharmacy Technicians in Immunization Services: Mapping Roles and Responsibilities Through a Scoping Review · 2025 · DOI

  • Many African countries, including Somalia, experience low vaccination rates. There is a need to identify the determinants of vaccination status among children in Somalia.

    Immunization status and its determinants among children aged 12–23 months at community health centers in Mogadishu, Somalia: a cross-sectional study · 2025 · DOI

  • The varying rates of vaccine hesitancy across different populations and contexts. The need for comprehensive tools to facilitate comparisons between different populations and locations. The challenge of addressing vaccine hesitancy in different geographical contexts and demographic characteristics.

    A scoping review of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: refusal rate, associated factors, and strategies to reduce · 2024 · DOI

  • The need to investigate the reasons for vaccine refusal, the factors affecting it, and ways to deal with it. The lack of comprehensive tools to facilitate comparisons between different populations and locations. The need for studies at the national and international levels to address vaccine hesitancy.

    A scoping review of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: refusal rate, associated factors, and strategies to reduce · 2024 · DOI

  • The study identifies the challenge of addressing vaccine hesitancy among right-oriented individuals. The study highlights the need to enhance trust in the healthcare system and critically evaluate the reliance on complementary and alternative medicine. The study notes the challenge of developing public health strategies tailored to varying political beliefs.

    Ideological differences in COVID-19 vaccine intention: the effects of trust in the healthcare system, in complementary and alternative medicine, and perceived threat from the disease · 2024 · DOI

  • The study used a nonprobability sample. The sample consisted mostly of highly educated participants. The study was conducted in a specific context (Slovenia's first lockdown). The study's generalizability might be limited due to the specific sample and context.

    Ideological differences in COVID-19 vaccine intention: the effects of trust in the healthcare system, in complementary and alternative medicine, and perceived threat from the disease · 2024 · DOI

  • Future research is needed to specify whether these constructs mediate the effect of financial incentives on behaviour.

    Understanding how offering financial incentives to promote vaccination influences perceptions of and attitudes towards getting a COVID-19 booster vaccine · 2026 · DOI

  • Despite the significant strides made in global immunization efforts, there remains a crucial gap in understanding the experiences of community health nurses providing immunization services at Child Welfare Clinics (CWCs).

    Insights into immunization practices: community health nurses’ experiences at Fanteakwa North District child welfare clinics · 2026 · DOI

  • Despite its recognised cost-effectiveness in enhancing health capital, the economic pathways through which vaccination rate affects development remain underexplored.

    Global immunisation planning and economic development potential: a panel data analysis for the macroeconomic impact of hepatitis B vaccination from 2000 to 2018 · 2026 · DOI

  • However, its connection with the post-vaccination experience itself remains unclear.

    Social media use and expectations predict COVID-19 vaccine side effects: a prospective longitudinal study · 2026 · DOI

  • Further studies on vaccine financing, access and inclusion of individuals and families in information dissemination campaigns is highly recommended.

    Analyses of the Barriers and Drivers of Ghana’s COVID-19 Vaccination Program Using the 5A Taxonomy: A Scoping Review · 2025 · DOI

  • While recent estimates show 14-35% of European parents exhibit some degree of hesitancy, little is known about adolescents.

    Exploring reported causes of vaccine hesitancy among European adolescents and parents: results of a citizen science project · 2025 · DOI

  • Conversational artificial intelligence, in the form of chatbots powered by large language models, offers a new approach to facilitating human-like interactions, yet its efficacy in enhancing vaccination uptake remains under-investigated.

    A vaccine chatbot intervention for parents to improve HPV vaccination uptake among middle school girls: a cluster randomized trial · 2025 · DOI

  • Future research should focus on interventions to improve maternal health services and increase access to antenatal care (ANC) to raise vaccination rates in Somalia.

    Immunization status and its determinants among children aged 12–23 months at community health centers in Mogadishu, Somalia: a cross-sectional study · 2025 · DOI

  • CONCLUSION: Children's perceptions of influenza highlight both awareness and gaps in understanding, particularly regarding transmission and illness severity.

    New Zealand school children’s perspectives on influenza: listening to young voices in respiratory health · 2025 · DOI

  • BACKGROUND: There is limited evidence regarding socioeconomic-related inequalities in flu vaccination uptake among the elderly in developing countries like Iran.

    Navigating the crossroads of health and wealth: socioeconomic inequality in flu vaccination uptake among the elderly in Iran · 2025 · DOI

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444 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 3,435 Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy papers in our 4.5M-paper local library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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