Validation gaps in Economics

Representative open questions

Showing 23 of 32 — one per source paper, highest-quality first.

• Multi-asset optimal trade execution with stochastic cross-effects: An Obizhaeva–Wang-type framework (2026) · doi

  Lemma 3.8 establishes a convergence result using truncated processes (H^N) that approximate the full operator H, but the rate of convergence and approximation error bounds are not explicitly quantified. A concrete analysis of how the truncation parameter N affects execution cost and optimal trading paths for realistic portfolio sizes is needed.

• Multi-Source Data Fusion and Machine Learning for Soybean Crop Price Forecasting in India (2026) · doi

  The experimental setup used an 80/20 train-test split with k=10 fold cross-validation, but no investigation of how AgroNET's hybrid LSTM-GRU architecture performs across different temporal windows or crop seasons in Indian soybean markets. The robustness of the model across multi-year time-series data with varying price volatility patterns remains unexamined.

• Predicting option prices from their price history via machine learning (2026) · doi

  Portfolio construction uses value-weighting by dollar open interest to reflect market depth, but the robustness of this weighting scheme for thinly-traded option contracts during volatile market periods (e.g., 2018) is not analyzed. The comparison between open-interest weighting and alternative schemes for extreme market conditions is missing.

• ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF ENTERPRISES AS A FACTOR FOR INCREASING THEIR COMPETITIVENESS IN REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL MARKETS (2026) · doi

  The integral digital transformation index for AI implementation uses uniform weighting (0.25, 0.25, 0.20, 0.30) across infrastructure, data management, staff training, and automation components, but lacks empirical validation of whether these weights are optimal for different enterprise sizes, sectors (regional vs. international markets), or AI application types in operational activities.

• Entrepreneurial Skills and Quantitative Decision - Making: The Role of Business Mathematics in Emerging Enterprises of Assam (2026) · doi

  The regression model confirms that entrepreneurial skills and business mathematics jointly explain variation in quantitative decision-making (F=52.34, p=0.000), but the study does not examine which combinations of entrepreneurial skill dimensions (e.g., opportunity recognition, risk assessment, resource management) interact with specific business mathematics applications to produce optimal decision-making outcomes.

• Barriers to Artificial Intelligence-Driven Supply Chain Integration: An Interpretive Structural Modeling-Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (ISM-MICMAC)-Based Analytics Modeling Approach (2026) · doi

  The linkage barrier of economic and political instability (Barrier 8) is identified as having feedback effects on other barriers in the ISM model, but the paper does not empirically quantify how specific economic indicators (inflation rates, currency fluctuations, energy prices) propagate through the barrier hierarchy or model regional variations in economic impact on AI adoption capacity.

• APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN LAWMAKING AND PRIVATE LAW (2026) · doi

  The paper identifies declining costs of robot production and auto-programming capabilities as drivers of continued workplace robotization but does not establish validated thresholds or models for predicting when AI-driven automation becomes economically preferable to human labor within specific labor market conditions (wage levels, skill availability, industry type).

• Ultra processed foods at the planetary nutrition nexus with implications for mental health environmental footprints and policy levers (2026) · doi

  Fiscal policy extensions beyond beverages to locally-selected UPF product criteria or paired tax-subsidy approaches require evaluation to assess substitution from one UPF category to another, distributional effects, and whether price signals shift product portfolios toward genuinely healthier options rather than narrow nutrient-threshold optimization.

• Career Pathways for Social Sciences in the 21st Century (2026) · doi

  Gradual implementation of ethical AI training through pilot modules requires feasibility assessment, but the paper does not detail how to measure success or scalability across diverse institutional contexts.

• Graph-theoretic Modeling of Smart Money Flows: Fibonacci Nodes, Wave Patterns, and Liquidity Networks (2026) · doi

  Predictive accuracy of 72% for liquidity wave momentum continuation leaves substantial room for improvement and does not account for market regime changes or tail events.

• Regularized Vector Autoregressive Model for the Assessment of Macroeconomic Variables Associated with Inflation in Nigeria (2026) · doi

  The Diebold–Mariano test yields a p-value of 0.23, indicating that the differences in forecast performance between regularized and standard VAR models are not statistically significant, although economically meaningful.

• A Multifactorial Analysis and Predictive Modeling Approach for Labor Cost Estimation in Civil Construction Projects (2026) · doi

  No empirical validation or comparative study is provided to substantiate the claim that AI is more accurate than traditional methods in predicting labor costs.

• Factors Affecting the Effectiveness of Private Economic Development Policies in Vietnam Today (2026) · doi

  The study proposes value chain linkages and FDI-domestic enterprise connections as crucial for productivity growth, but does not provide evidence on what types of linkage mechanisms are most effective or under what conditions they succeed.

• Artificial Intelligence for Modeling Investor Behavior and Market Sentiment Dynamics (2026) · doi

  While knowledge distillation and sparse attention mechanisms are mentioned as potential solutions for Green AI, there is no empirical validation or comparison of these approaches' effectiveness in reducing energy consumption for behavioral modeling.

• Striking a balance: the crucial role of climate risk disclosure in correcting overvaluation and undervaluation in stock markets (2026) · doi

  The measurement of investor irrationality relies solely on annual average daily turnover rate; alternative or complementary measures of investor irrational behavior could strengthen the validation of this mechanism.

• Elliott Wave Formalization using Time Cycles & Liquidity Pool Dynamics: A Quantitative Approach (2026) · doi

  Validation of the cycle-weighted risk budget approach for portfolio managers across diverse market conditions and time periods is not yet established.

• Optimal Ordering Policy for Delayed Deteriorating Items under the Effects of Stock-Dependent Demand Rate, Price Discounting, and Trade Credit Policy (2026) · doi

  The numerical illustrations are based on computational results from Table 7.1 without detailed discussion of the specific data sources or real-world validation of parameter values.

• Construction Material Market Volatility on Project Budgetary Risk and Contingency Planning (2026) · doi

  The paper relies on only three case studies from different regions and time periods, lacking comprehensive statistical analysis or longitudinal data on material cost volatility trends.

• Impact of Goods and Services Tax (GST) on Pricing Strategies of Local Retail Businesses in India (2026) · doi

  The study recommends digital accounting tools and billing software but does not evaluate which specific solutions are most effective for small retailers or analyze barriers to their adoption.

• Employment Alignment and Salary Satisfaction among Doctoral-Level High-Skilled Talent in Taiwan (2026) · doi

  The study suggests that mandatory practical experience components and industry partnerships in doctoral programs could improve outcomes, but this recommendation lacks empirical validation through intervention studies.

• Economic Costs of Non-Optimal Oil Palm Fresh Fruit Bunch Harvesting: A Review on Maturity-Driven Production and Quality Implications (2026) · doi

  Effectiveness of price signal transmission to producers, particularly smallholders selling through intermediaries, depends on implementation but lacks empirical validation across different market structures.

• The Impact of Negative Public Sentiment on Stock Price Volatility: A Case Study of Qiaqia Food (2026) · doi

  The study relies on sentiment analysis technology to calculate negative sentiment confidence scores from comments, but does not discuss potential limitations or validation of the accuracy of this automated sentiment detection method.

• A Review of International Marketing Research for Chinese Medicine Health Products (2026) · doi

  Future efforts should strengthen empirical research on differentiation strategies, validate their effectiveness through specific market case studies, and provide enterprises with more actionable competitive solutions.