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Open research questions in Animal Disease Management and Epidemiology

34 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 338 Animal Disease Management and Epidemiology papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • Notably, the negative predictive sensitivity of rapid diagnostic tests while maintaining value for coronavirus was high (100%), although this high specificity are warranted (Zumla et…

    Diagnostic performance of rapid tests compared with PCR for detecting enteric pathogens in pre-weaned goats · 2026 · DOI

  • ABSTRACT Although bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) causes massive losses of cattle, the transition from mucosal replication to neuroinvasion remains poorly understood.

    Time-resolved mapping in calves reveals bovine herpesvirus 1 shift from mucosal replication to trigeminal ganglion neuroinvasion with promyelocytic leukemia protein-centered host–virus antagonism · 2026 · DOI

  • One key recommendation is that farm animals, poultry and fish should be given feeds free of any additive derived from animals, birds or marine sources, and that the plants used in their rations should be free of hybridization or genetic modification, since feeds of that kind are regarded as stressors that can reactivate latent OvHV-2. REFERENCES AlHajri, S. M., Cunha, C. W., Nicola, A. V., Aguilar, H. C., Li, H., & Taus, N. S. (2017). Ovine herpesvirus 2 glycoproteins B, H, and L are sufficient for, and viral glycoprotein Ov8 can enhance, cell-cell membrane fusion. Journal of Virology, 91(5), e02454-16. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02454-16 Al-Khreisat, M. J., Ismail, N. H., Tabnjh, A., Hussain, F. A., Mohamed Yusoff, A. A., Johan, M. F., & Islam, M. A. (2023). Worldwide prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus in patients with Burkitt lymphoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diagnostics, 13(12), 2068. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13122068 Anderson, I. E., Deane, D., Swa, S., Thomson, J., Campbell, I., Buxton, D., Wei, X.-Q., Stewart, J. P., Russell, G. C., & Haig, D. M. (2008). Production and utilization of interleukin-15 in malignant catarrhal fever. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 138(2-3), 131-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2008.01.002 Andriyanov, P. A., Zakharova, O. I., Zhurilov, P. A., Tutrina, A. I., Kashina, D. D., Burova, O. A., Liskova, E. A., Shirokova, E. A., Yashin, I. V., & Blokhin, A. A. (2025). Clinical, pathological, and molecular aspects of malignant catarrhal fever in Russia: A case report. Veterinary Research Communications, 49(4), 189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-025-10758-0 Babcock, G. J., Decker, L. L., Volk, M., & Thorley-Lawson, D. A. (1998). EBV persistence in memory B cells in vivo. Immunity, 9(3), 395-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80622-6 Baer, R., Bankier, A. T., Biggin, M. D., Deininger, P. L., Farrell, P. J., Gibson, T. J., Hatfull, G., Hudson, G. S., Satchwell, S. C., Seguin, C., Tuffnell, P. S., & Barrell, B. G. (1984). DNA sequence and expression of the B95-8 Epstein-Barr virus genome. Nature, 310(5974), 207-211. https://doi.org/10.1038/310207a0 Bartel, D. P. (2004). MicroRNAs: Genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell, 116(2), 281- 297. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(04)00045-5 Bastawecy, I. M. (2021). Mode of infection and some diseases caused by Epstein-Barr virus: The most ubiquitous, common malignant and characteristic virus. Journal of Human Virology & Retrovirology, 9(1), 6-9. https://doi.org/10.15406/jhvrv.2021.09.00237 Bastawecy, I.M. (2022): Electron microscopy as a differential diagnosis technique: serving in the diagnosis of malignant catarrhal fever in farm animals. Journal of American Science, 18 (9). https://doi.org/10.7537/marsjas180922.06. Bastawecy, I. M.,&Abd El-Samee, A. A. (2012). First isolation and identification of ovine herpesvirus 2 causing malignant catarrhal fever outbreak in Egypt. Life Science Journal, 9, 798-804. Bastawecy, I. M., Abdelmonem, M., Afify, A. F., Saad, N., Shirosaki, Y., Abdullah, C. A. C., El Naggar, R. F., Rohaim, M. A., & Munir, M. (2025). Viral contamination in cell culture: Analyzing the impact of Epstein-Barr virus and Ovine herpesvirus 2. Frontiers in Microbiology, 16, 1442321. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1442321 Vol. 14 No.

    Oncogenic Potential of Ovine Herpesvirus 2 and Its Molecular Homology with Epstein–Barr Virus · 2026 · DOI

  • However, it is emphasized that antibody ELISA results provide limited information about the timing of infection and that evaluating them together with molecular methods in the detection of acute infections will yield more accurate results.

    The Investigation of Factors Causing Viral Infection in Cattle with Respiratory System Problems · 2026 · DOI

  • However, binding of enriched TpM schizonts by MICL might still warrant further investigations, espe- cially during explorations of the parasite glycolipidome.

    Investigation of carbohydrate-based molecules of Theileria parva parasites · 2026 · DOI

  • The DIVA strategy is rapidly evolving with new technologies, and the coming years hold great promise for making it even more effective, affordable, and widely available. Below are some key areas where DIVA is likely to advance in simple terms: April 2026/ Vol.

    Diva strategy in animal disease control and eradication: a review · 2026 · DOI

  • With the increased and unmonitored importation of goats by the private sector, there is limited data on the prevalence of CAEV in the caprine populations in the Cagayan Valley Region.

    Seroprevalence of caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection in goats from three districts of Cagayan, Philippines using nested PCR · 2024 · DOI

  • Long‐term recovery of multiple survivors and the use of sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) as a time‐sensitive screening test during an outbreak have not been reported.

    Successful management of an outbreak of Tyzzer's disease on a Thoroughbred breeding farm in central Kentucky; use of sorbitol dehydrogenase to identify sub‐clinical cases · 2022 · DOI

  • Abstract Introduction: Numerous mutations in the bovine tumour necrosis factor receptor type two (TNF-RII) gene have been identified, but their biological consequences remain poorly understood.

    Polymorphisms in the bovine tumour necrosis factor receptor type two gene (TNF-RII) and cell subpopulations naturally infected with bovine leukaemia virus · 2019 · DOI

  • Until several years ago it was limited to Africa and the Middle East, but recently it was reported in Turkey (2013), Greece (2015), and in 2016 it spread to Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Albania, Montenegro and Serbia.

    Morphological Characteristics of Skin Lesions in Cattle Naturally Infected with Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in Serbia · 2019 · DOI

  • Eventually, this study provides basic information about the epidemiological status of infection with BFV in dairy cattle in Poland, which can be used for further studies on dissemination and transmission of BFV infection.

    Development of a recombinant protein-based ELISA for detection of antibodies against bovine foamy virus · 2017 · DOI

  • ASF it is a notifiable disease and due to the lack of specific treatment and vaccine, the disease can be only limited by the administrative measures comprising wild boar hunting and stamping out of affected pigs.

    Selected aspects related to epidemiology, pathogenesis, immunity, and control of African swine fever · 2016 · DOI

  • The aim of this article is to provide a historical summary of worldwide Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) prevalence data through a number of studies, review the current knowledge and published data on the presence and prevalence of BVDV infection among ruminants in Serbia, and consequently open questions as to the possibilities for the implementation of the control programme in Serbia.

    Prevalence of BVD infection in ruminants in Serbia · 2015 · DOI

  • Therefore, to facilitate further research on the same theme of this paper, it was decided to use a test semi quantitatively (dot-ELISA) commercially available, approved by many laboratories.

    Evaluation of Immune Status to Canine Parvovirus and Canine Distemper Virus in Dogs before, during and after Pregnancy · 2011 · DOI

  • In Ethiopia, where equines are essential for transport and agriculture, the disease remains endemic, yet epidemiological data are limited in many areas.

    Seroprevalence and risk factors of African horse sickness in equines in central Gondar, Ethiopia · 2026 · DOI

  • From a broader perspective, this study addresses a significant gap in the literature, particularly regarding gesta- tional use of the C-strain vaccine, for which detailed data on maternal antibody kinetics and early postnatal detection of vaccine-derived genome remain limited.

    Gestational timing and vaccine platform shape maternally derived neutralizing immunity and vaccine RNA detection in piglets following maternal vaccination with C-strain or FlagT4G against classical swine fever · 2026 · DOI

  • Bovine viral diarrhea virus is a major pathogen that poses a serious threat to global livestock industries and wild ruminants, and its replication strategy within host cells and mechanisms of persistent infection remain to be elucidated in depth.

    BVDV utilizes PGC-1α downregulation to remodel the mitochondrial metabolic microenvironment, enhancing viral replication and impairing host immunity · 2026 · DOI

  • The study did not evaluate the interaction between alternative feed resources and disease prevention or disease resistance in cattle, which is central to the paper's stated focus on economic impact of animal diseases.

    Economic impact of animal diseases in Nigeria: A systematic review · 2025 · DOI

  • The study conditions were specific to feedlot diets for Sokoto Gudali bulls, and findings may not generalize to other cattle breeds or production systems in Nigeria.

    Economic impact of animal diseases in Nigeria: A systematic review · 2025 · DOI

  • The reader should consider the level of evidence upon which the recommendations are based as it is frequently weak and limited to anecdotal reports or interpretation of unpublished data.

    Strangles vaccination: A current European perspective · 2024 · DOI

  • Caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus (CAEV) is poorly documented in the Philipines and is considered an emerging and re-emerging disease.

    Seroprevalence of caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection in goats from three districts of Cagayan, Philippines using nested PCR · 2024 · DOI

  • Sporadic serological studies were previously carried out only in the Mangystau region, the level of seroprevalence to the camelpox pathogen for other regions of the country has not been determined.

    Analysis of the risks of the spread of camelpox in Kazakhstan · 2022 · DOI

  • INTRODUCTION: Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a rare, under-explored lethal viral infection of cattle with gammaherpesvirus aetiological agents.

    Malignant catarrhal fever in cattle in the Irkutsk Region · 2020 · DOI

  • Feral swine ( Sus scrofa ) are a socially structured species which pose an increasing threat to livestock and human health, and little is known about contact structure.

    Contact heterogeneities in feral swine: implications for disease management and future research · 2016 · DOI

  • While the importance of viral infections is well studied in domestic cats, only limited information is available on their occurence and prevalence in the European wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris).

    Stem photosynthesis and its importance to the carbon budgets of plants. · 2009 · DOI

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34 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 338 Animal Disease Management and Epidemiology papers in our library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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