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Open research questions in Animal Virus Infections Studies

38 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 221 Animal Virus Infections Studies papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 (PRRSV-2) remains one of the most important transboundary pathogens affecting swine production in Vietnam; however, it remains poorly understood how long-term evolutionary dynamics were impacted by the African swine fever (ASF) epidemic, a period of time where swine population demographics and movement were heavily perturbed.

    Shifts in Genetic Diversity of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 2 in Vietnam Before and After African Swine Fever: Increased Diversity and Novel Sub-lineages · 2026 · DOI

  • In addition, the globally distributed MaAv lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is an underrecognized human pathogen capable of causing severe congenital disease and fatal infections in immunocompromised individuals.

    Mammarenavirus-Induced Remodeling of the Cellular Lipid Landscape Reveals Sphingolipid Metabolism as a Novel Target for Antiviral Intervention · 2026 · DOI

  • Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is a major pathogen of salmonids that is capable of establishing persistent infections, yet the cellular mechanisms underlying viral persistence remain poorly understood.

    Characterization of cell lines persistently infected with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus · 2026 · DOI

  • These findings highlight substantial heterogeneity in LVI materials and encourage the use of next-generation sequencing to verify LVI PRRSV composition and screen for co-existing pathogens, reinforcing the need for standardized preparation protocols and further investigation into optimal viral dosing for effective immunization.

    Genetic Characterization of PRRSV Diversity and Detection of Other Pathogens in Live Virus Inoculation Material Used in Breeding Herd Stabilization Programs · 2026 · DOI

  • Live virus inoculation (LVI) is widely used for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) stabilization, yet preparation practices and pathogen composition remain poorly characterized.

    Genetic Characterization of PRRSV Diversity and Detection of Other Pathogens in Live Virus Inoculation Material Used in Breeding Herd Stabilization Programs · 2026 · DOI

  • IMPORTANCE Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) remains one of the most devastating pathogens threatening the global swine industry, yet effective antiviral treatments are still lacking.

    Febrifugine dihydrochloride restricts porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication by modulating the IGF1R-driven PI3K/AKT-apoptosis axis · 2026 · DOI

  • In the UK and globally, blood donations are routinely screened for a limited number of high-consequence pathogens, but the full composition of the plasma virome remains to be characterised.

    A snapshot of the UK blood donor plasma virome: a retrospective cross-sectional cohort study · 2026 · DOI

  • These findings support further exploration of spore-based microbial delivery systems as a potential mucosal immunisation adjuvant and immunomodulatory approach for PRRSV; however, the use of BALB/c mice represents a non-natural host model, and protective efficacy remains to be validated in target animals and challenge studies.

    Surface-displayed multivalent PRRSV tandem antigen on <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> spores induces mucosal immune responses in mice · 2026 · DOI

  • The study demonstrates that BH120, IB-88, and H120 strains provide superior protection against Pakistani IBV strains, but the conclusion calls for continuous monitoring of circulating strains without specifying the sampling methodology, geographic regions, or temporal frequency required for an effective IBV surveillance program in Pakistan.

    Comparative Efficacy of Live Infectious Bronchitis Vaccines on Immune Response and Performance of Broiler Chickens · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper identifies antigenic variation between field and vaccine strains as a source of variable immune protection but lacks systematic characterization of the specific antigenic differences between endemic Pakistani IBV field strains and the tested vaccine strains (BH120, IB-88, H120).

    Comparative Efficacy of Live Infectious Bronchitis Vaccines on Immune Response and Performance of Broiler Chickens · 2026 · DOI

  • The study notes that spray vaccination droplet size and uneven vaccine distribution across flocks can reduce immunization success in commercial operations, but provides no empirical data on the relationship between droplet size parameters, distribution uniformity, and resulting immune response heterogeneity in IBV vaccination.

    Comparative Efficacy of Live Infectious Bronchitis Vaccines on Immune Response and Performance of Broiler Chickens · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper demonstrates differential IgM seroconversion rates across vaccine strains but does not investigate the specific mechanisms of delayed seroconversion when vaccine virus spreads bird-to-bird over time in larger commercial broiler flocks compared to smaller populations.

    Comparative Efficacy of Live Infectious Bronchitis Vaccines on Immune Response and Performance of Broiler Chickens · 2026 · DOI

  • The study identifies that localized tracheal epithelial damage post-vaccination may suppress immune response when booster doses are administered too close together, but does not specify optimal vaccination interval timing under field conditions for live IBV vaccines in broiler flocks.

    Comparative Efficacy of Live Infectious Bronchitis Vaccines on Immune Response and Performance of Broiler Chickens · 2026 · DOI

  • The modular ferritin scaffold platform holds potential for rapid adaptation to other emerging veterinary coronaviruses such as PEDV and PDCoV, but this application remains to be explored.

    Development of a ferritin-based subunit nanoparticle vaccine targeting the S-RBD of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus · 2026 · DOI

  • Comprehensive immunological evaluations are needed, moving from in vitro B-cell activation assays to controlled swine trials to quantify neutralizing antibody titers and assess protection against live TGEV challenges.

    Development of a ferritin-based subunit nanoparticle vaccine targeting the S-RBD of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus · 2026 · DOI

  • The transient receptor potential mucolipin proteins (TRPMLs) have been shown to be strongly associated with virus infection and other physiological processes in humans, but their tissue distribution and responses to PRRSV in pigs remain unknown.

    Tissue expression of porcine transient receptor potential mucolipin protein channels and their differential responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection <i>in vitro</i> · 2024 · DOI

  • Porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) causes reproductive problems in adult animals, although the veterinary relevance of PPV2, PPV3, and PPV4 has not been clarified.

    Genetic Analysis and Distribution of Porcine Parvoviruses Detected in the Organs of Wild Boars in Serbia · 2021 · DOI

  • However, it remains unclear whether PRRSV employs a similar mechanism to achieve self-replication.

    Integration of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq analysis identifies host genes related with PRRSV infection · 2026 · DOI

  • Second, while in vitro results are promising, the in vivo protective efficacy and pharmacokinetics of 3Nb17 need to be validated in neo- natal piglet challenge models.

    Neutralizing nanobodies against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: discovery and characterization · 2026 · DOI

  • While the pathogenesis of PEDV is well-documented, its relationship with mitophagy remains unclear.

    Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus induces Vero cell mitophagy by regulating ROS-mediated PINK1/Parkin signal pathway · 2026 · DOI

  • Despite this, the molecular mechanisms behind norovirus capsid stability and capsid rearrangement prior to RNA translocation are understudied.

    Enhanced inter-chain hydrogen bonding in the murine norovirus VP1 capsid leads to increased particle stability and delayed viral uncoating · 2026 · DOI

  • Direct subunit interactions are limited to a small polar surface area, with additional intersubunit links mediated by flexible N- and C-terminal loops.

    Cryo-electron microscopy structure of the bovine ephemeral fever virus RNA-nucleoprotein assembly · 2026 · DOI

  • The structural basis of its genome encapsidation and virion assembly remains unexplored, with the current knowledge largely limited to predictions derived from bioinformatic comparisons with other rhabdoviruses.

    Cryo-electron microscopy structure of the bovine ephemeral fever virus RNA-nucleoprotein assembly · 2026 · DOI

  • Currently, significant number of nidoviruses is insufficiently studied: partially or completely remain uncharacterized mechanisms of replication, genomic structure, the interactions with environment condition and virus spread, etc.

    Nidoviral infections of fish and prawn: a review · 2020 · DOI

  • Deep sequencing of field samples with content of host genetic material and bacteria often produces insufficient data for metagenomics and must be preceded by target enrichment.

    Evaluation of direct metagenomics and target enriched approaches for high-throughput sequencing of field rabies viruses · 2019 · DOI

Most-cited papers in Animal Virus Infections Studies

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38 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 221 Animal Virus Infections Studies papers in our library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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