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Open research questions in Biometric Identification and Security

76 gap statements mined from Biometric Identification and Security papers in our 4.5M-paper local library, which holds 783 papers on the topic — drawn mostly from each paper's own stated research gap, future-work, challenge and limitation notes, and its abstract. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one.

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What the literature leaves open

  • The gap in prior work is the lack of protection for facial biometric templates from exposure and irreversible personal risk. Prior work has not addressed the weakness of single-copy storage of protected templates. There is a need for a comparative study of threshold schemes for protecting facial templates.

    Protecting Facial Biometric Templates with Threshold Secret Sharing: A Comparative Resource-Aware Study of a Non-Positional Polynomial Scheme and a Multivariable Verification Scheme · 2026 · DOI

  • The classical Shamir scheme has high computational complexity and data storage requirements. Existing biometric data protection methods do not provide sufficient security against various types of attacks. There is a need to develop protection methods that ensure both confidentiality and resistance to attacks.

    Modified Shamir Threshold Scheme for Secure Storage of Biometric Data · 2026 · DOI

  • Directions for future work are emphasized. The author decided to shrink the range of hyperparameters and keep some of them out of the later experimentation.

    Robust Iris Segmentation with Deep CNNs for Detecting Fully or Nearly Closed Eyes in Non-Ideal Biometric Systems · 2026 · DOI

  • Contemporary iris biometric systems are not capable of properly detecting fully or nearly closed eyes. Traditional geometric methods have limitations in iris segmentation, particularly in non-ideal images.

    Robust Iris Segmentation with Deep CNNs for Detecting Fully or Nearly Closed Eyes in Non-Ideal Biometric Systems · 2026 · DOI

  • Previous methods for detecting textured contact lenses have limitations in terms of accuracy and effectiveness.

    Global Descriptors Features for Improved Detection of Textured Contact Lenses in Iris Images · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper identifies the gap in existing fingerprint presentation attack detection methods, which are affected by factors such as fabrication material, sensor characteristics, and variability in the interaction of a user with the sensor. The gap in handling class imbalance in PAD datasets, which is addressed using a weighted loss formulation.

    SFAD-Net: A Dual-Stream Spatial–Frequency Attention Network for Fingerprint Presentation Attack Detection · 2026 · DOI

  • However, the internal decision processes of these black-box models have not been evaluated in terms of biases, overfitting, large training data requirements, and handling complex data structures, which keep them in a fuzzy state.

    BrainAuth: A Neuro-Biometric Approach for Personal Authentication · 2025 · DOI

  • Issues such as the lack of standard reporting schemes for performance results and system configuration, or the absence of common evaluation benchmarks, make comparability and proper assessment of different biometric solutions challenging.

    NeuroIDBench: An open-source benchmark framework for the standardization of methodology in brainwave-based authentication research · 2024 · DOI

  • However, large-scale palmprint recognition, which holds great potential for extensive civilian applications like university access control, remains underexplored.

    Toward Large-Scale Palmprint Image Analysis by a Rich Orientation Code · 2024 · DOI

  • This study is limited to a literature-based review and does not include experimental analysis or real-world case studies involving AI-based forensic identification systems.

    AI-Driven Biometric Identification in Modern Forensic Investigations · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper lacks detailed empirical validation of BOPS performance metrics, computational overhead, and latency comparisons across different database systems and cloud platforms.

    An Architectural Framework and Standardization Pathway for Private Biometrics: IEEE P2410/BOPS · 2026 · DOI

  • Cross-domain generalization remains an unresolved challenge for single-modality approaches. Multimodal methods require dedicated hardware, restricting deployment.

    ViDiff-Attn: Single-Camera Multimodal Face Anti-Spoofing via Diffusion-Based Spectral Synthesis and Cross-Modal Attention Fusion · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research will explore further optimization and real-time deployment of the model to enhance its scalability and performance. Future work should focus on addressing class imbalance, expanding the dataset to include more spoofing variations, and exploring advanced deep learning architectures such as VGG16 or ResNet, potentially incorporating transfer learning.

    Advances in Multimodal Biometric Authentication: A Classifier Fusion and Deep Learning Perspective · 2026 · DOI

  • The lack of algorithmic transparency and limited reproducibility remain critical drawbacks for scientific and forensic use.

    Facial Biometric Authentication Enhanced by Emotional and Demographic Contexts · 2026 · DOI

  • Future work will investigate confidence-aware ridge-flow estimation, reconstruction-uncertainty modeling, and topology-preserving constraints, together with a confidence-based rejection mechanism that flags low-confidence reconstructions for manual review before downstream AFIS matching.

    Weak Ridge-Flow Prior-Guided Fingerprint Reconstruction Under Severe Degradation · 2026 · DOI

  • The most significant open problems of the field are similarly not recognition problems.

    Biometric Authentication Contemporary Trends and Systemic Failures-A Review · 2026 · DOI

  • These methods may not effectively preserve minutiae. There is a need for a framework that can denoise fingerprints and preserve minutiae with minimal computational overhead.

    Deep hybrid analog–digital filtering framework for fingerprint denoising and minutiae preservation · 2026 · DOI

  • Measurements on the NVIDIA Jetson Orin Nano support practical feasibility under the evaluated hardware configuration, although performance and latency on other mobile, embedded, and production platforms remain to be established.

    Face presentation attack detection via content-adaptive spatial operators · 2026 · DOI

  • The framework is evaluated using public benchmarks, including VGGFace2, VoxCeleb2, and FVC2004, combined with controlled multimodal scenarios that induce conflicting evidence.

    Context-Aware Decision Fusion for Multimodal Access Control Under Contradictory Biometric Evidence · 2026 · DOI

  • First, there are several quantitative statements about the prevalence of attacks that are based on vendor telemetry specifically Entrust and Group-IB, and so may not be representative of the general population of attacks, since the customers of those vendors and their detection capabilities may not be representative independent, population-representative measurement of biometric fraud is not currently available.

    Biometric Authentication Contemporary Trends and Systemic Failures-A Review · 2026 · DOI

  • Handling previously unseen and unknown spoof patterns. Preserving modality-specific cues for each biometric modality. Ensuring the adversarial robustness of the model.

    Modality-Shared Anti-Spoofing for Face and Fingerprint · 2026 · DOI

  • Evaluating the proposed method on more benchmark datasets - Exploring other biometric modalities - Investigating the effectiveness of the method against more advanced spoofing…

    Modality-Shared Anti-Spoofing for Face and Fingerprint · 2026 · DOI

  • Investigating the impact of sensor-induced domain shifts, - Evaluating the proposed framework under unseen sensor…

    SFAD-Net: A Dual-Stream Spatial–Frequency Attention Network for Fingerprint Presentation Attack Detection · 2026 · DOI

  • 2% for mixed data, representing 4%–5% significant improvements over vision‐transformer baselines.

    VALIANT: A Vision‐Authenticity Language Framework Through Integrated Experts and Aligned Numerical‐Textual Descriptors for Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium · 2026 · DOI

  • Investigating the use of other demographic and emotional attributes to enhance verification robustness. Improving the system's performance under heavy distortions or subtle emotional expressions.

    Facial Biometric Authentication Enhanced by Emotional and Demographic Contexts · 2026 · DOI

Most-cited papers in Biometric Identification and Security

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Open questions raised by papers listed on this page include: (1) The gap in prior work is the lack of protection for facial biometric templates from exposure and irreversible personal risk (“Protecting Facial Biometric Templates with Threshold Secret Sharing: A…”, 2026); (2) There is a need to develop protection methods that ensure both confidentiality and resistance to attacks (“Modified Shamir Threshold Scheme for Secure Storage of Biometric Data”, 2026); (3) Future research will explore further optimization and real-time deployment of the model to enhance its scalability and performance (“Advances in Multimodal Biometric Authentication: A Classifier Fusion and Deep…”, 2026); (4) The lack of algorithmic transparency and limited reproducibility remain critical drawbacks for scientific and forensic use (“Facial Biometric Authentication Enhanced by Emotional and Demographic Contexts”, 2026); (5) There is a need for a framework that can denoise fingerprints and preserve minutiae with minimal computational overhead (“Deep hybrid analog–digital filtering framework for fingerprint denoising and…”, 2026). 76 gap statements have been mined from Biometric Identification and Security papers in our 4.5M-paper local library, which holds 783 papers on the topic; the gaps come from whichever of those papers state one. They are mostly the research gaps the authors state and the papers' abstracts, plus future-work, limitations and challenges passages. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one, so you can read the original claim in context.

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