Open research questions in CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions
353 gap statements mined from CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions papers in our 7.9M-paper local library, which holds 2,714 papers on the topic — drawn mostly from each paper's own stated research gap, future-work, challenge and limitation notes, and its abstract. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one.
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What the literature leaves open
Its application to field-scale CO2 storage should consider reservoir heterogeneity, fracture development, injection–production dynamics, gravity segregation, and long-term geochemical reactions, and should be further validated by numerical simulation and field data. Overall, mineral composition alone was insufficient to explain the variation in fractal dimensions in the tested low-permeability sandstone samples.
Influencing Factors and Mechanism of CO2 Trapping and Storage in Tight Sandstone Reservoirs Based on Fractal Characteristics of Pore Structure · 2026 · DOIThe mass gain method enables rapid CO2 sequestration assessment at the engineering scale, yet interferences originating from moisture adsorption, secondary hydration, and residual soluble salts need to be strictly eliminated.
A Critical Evaluation of Methodological Discrepancies in Quantifying Steel Slag CO2 Sequestration · 2026 · DOIFuture work should focus on field-scale validation, integration with coupled multiphysics simulations, and benchmarking against established CCS monitoring and risk-assessment workflows. It has not been validated using new site-specific field data, full-physics reservoir simulations, or large-scale operational deployment.
An integrated Risk–Integrity–Monitoring (RIM) framework for CO2 storage in depleted oil and gas reservoirs · 2026 · DOIFuture research should focus on identifying the soil pools responsible for retaining weathering products, quantifying the duration of transport delays, and assessing how these processes vary across soil types, climatic conditions, and field-scale applications.
Evidence for temporal decoupling of olivine weathering and inorganic carbon removal in unsaturated soil columns · 2026 · DOIThese processes remain poorly constrained in laboratory settings and should be studied under realistic hydrodynamic conditions, including water mixing, dilution, particle sinking and CO2 equilibration.
Impacts of water advection and CO 2 exchange on the carbon dioxide removal potential of ocean alkalinity enhancement · 2026 · DOIFurther research is needed to understand the impact of cushion gases, cycling frequency, and injection/withdrawal rate. In contrast, geochemical interactions, geomechanical effects, and microbial activities critical for storage integrity and hydrogen quality remain underexplored.
Underground Hydrogen Storage: Transforming Subsurface Science into Sustainable Energy Solutions · 2025 · DOIThere is a lack of a self-healing cement formulation that can ensure long-term wellbore integrity in extreme subsurface conditions. Existing self-healing cement systems face several technical limitations that hinder their widespread deployment.
Development and Optimization of Self-Healing Cement for CO2 Injection and Storage Wells: Enhancing Long-Term Wellbore Integrity in Extreme Subsurface Conditions · 2025 · DOIThe study references the need for reliable and efficient models for predicting CO2 diffusion in brine.
Machine Learning Prediction of CO2 Diffusion in Brine: Model Development and Salinity Influence Under Reservoir Conditions · 2025 · DOIThe study did not investigate long-term CO2-brine-rock interactions. The study did not address subsurface heterogeneity and associated uncertainties.
Machine Learning Prediction of CO2 Diffusion in Brine: Model Development and Salinity Influence Under Reservoir Conditions · 2025 · DOIApplication of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have introduced new opportunities and challenges for geochemical monitoring. AI and ML can potentially enhance numerical simulations and data analyses in geochemical monitoring.
It encompasses chemical interactions (between CO2, the formation fluid, and the reservoir rock), mineral dissociation and precipitation, trapping mechanisms, and the effect of alterations to the mineral surface properties on fluid flow, each of which needs to be studied for the safe and effective implementation of GCS.
The high compressibility of hydrogen under reservoir conditions requires special consideration. The effect of gravity on two-phase H2-brine flow in pores is a challenge that needs to be addressed.
The physical mechanisms of hydrogen flow in porous media are not well understood. The effect of heterogeneity on underground hydrogen storage is not well studied. There is a need to investigate the effects of wettability, pore-throat ratio, and pore structure heterogeneity on H2-brine two-phase flow.
These challenges are particularly significant where subsurface data is limited, introducing uncertainty about reservoir architecture and petrophysical properties.
From forward stratigraphic modeling to 3D static geomodeling: A process-based workflow for CO2 sequestration assessment in the midyan half-graben (northeast Red Sea, Saudi Arabia) · 2026 · DOIHowever, with a lack of data, which is always the case for legacy wells, especially in Texas, drawing wellbore schematics highlighting the impermeable formations, cement tops in annular space, and plug placement relative to these permeable formations is the best way to evaluate those wells.
A Review of Key Challenges and Evaluation of Well Integrity in CO2 Storage: Insights from Texas Potential CCS Fields · 2025 · DOIThe potential of Plio-Pleistocene clastic deposits in this regionfor CCS implementation has not been previously explored.
‘’Geological characterization of a potential CO2 storage play in the Gela offshore (southern Sicily) and the role of a gravitational slide’’ · 2024 · DOIFuture studies should focus on combining sophisticated numerical modeling frameworks that can replicate realistic geological conditions with real-time field data, such as injection pressure records, surface deformation derived from InSAR, and micro-seismic monitoring. Another key limitation of this study is that we do not model full thermo-hydro-mechanical–chemical processes.
A Three-Dimensional Distinct Element Study of Fault Reactivation Mechanisms for CO2 Storage Reservoirs Using Fully Coupled Flow-Deformation Processes · 2026 · DOIFurther research is needed to better understand the occurrence and controls of reaction-driven cracking, given its potential importance in sustaining reactive surface area for enhanced in situ hydrogen production. In addition, investigating the role of trace metal catalysts under field-relevant conditions may reveal synergistic effects that are now poorly understood.
Experimental Parameterization of Geological Hydrogen Production via Stimulated Serpentinization · 2026 · DOIReliable evaluation of shale caprock integrity during long-term CO2 geological storage requires a quantitative understanding of how supercritical CO2 (scCO2)–water interaction degrades the mechanical properties of shale; however, the coupled mineral–pore–crack–energy mechanisms under reservoir-representative triaxial stress remain poorly understood.
Multiscale Mechanical Deterioration Mechanism of Shale Induced by Supercritical CO2–Water Interaction · 2026 · DOIHowever, during geological CO2 storage, the injection rate and fault roughness are critical factors influencing the risk of fault activation, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.
Fluid-activated self-healing agents require exposure to wellbore fluids to initiate swelling, complicating slurry design for mixed-fluid environments. Biologically inspired approaches face further constraints due to bacterial intolerance to high temperatures and weaker healed zones compared to the original cement matrix.
Development and Optimization of Self-Healing Cement for CO2 Injection and Storage Wells: Enhancing Long-Term Wellbore Integrity in Extreme Subsurface Conditions · 2025 · DOIMortar analogues do not contain carbonate cements that undergo CO2-driven dissolution in native glutenite, - No reactive-surface-area parameters are assigned, - Mineralogical gap between mortar analogues and native…
Mechanism and development of CO2 pre–pad fracturing stimulation for tight conglomerate low–permeability condensate gas reservoirs · 2026 · DOIFurther study on the chemical-weakening contribution, - Investigation of the effects of CO2 pre-pad fracturing on different types of rock formations, - Development of more accurate mortar analogues that mimic native…
Mechanism and development of CO2 pre–pad fracturing stimulation for tight conglomerate low–permeability condensate gas reservoirs · 2026 · DOIHere, we contributed to the development of a standardized quantification method of CO2 removal associated with enhanced weathering.
Accounting for retarded weathering products in comparing methods for quantifying carbon dioxide removal in a short-term enhanced weathering study · 2025 · DOIThe use of independent input distributions does not account for possible correlations between parameters…
From Legacy Gas Fields to Hydrogen Storage: 3D Seismic-Driven Geological Modelling and Dynamic Simulation in the Northern Upper Rhine Graben · 2026 · DOI
Most-cited papers in CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions
- Underground hydrogen storage: A comprehensive review · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · 2020 · 1,267 citations
- Recent advances in carbon dioxide utilization · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · 2020 · 716 citations
- A review on underground hydrogen storage: Insight into geological sites, influencing factors and future outlook · Energy Reports · 2021 · 665 citations
- Potential for large-scale CO2 removal via enhanced rock weathering with croplands · Nature · 2020 · 643 citations
- CO2 mineralization and utilization by alkaline solid wastes for potential carbon reduction · Nature Sustainability · 2020 · 509 citations
- CO2 mineral carbonation using industrial solid wastes: A review of recent developments · Chemical Engineering Journal · 2021 · 462 citations
- Recent advances in carbon dioxide geological storage, experimental procedures, influencing parameters, and future outlook · Earth-Science Reviews · 2021 · 462 citations
- Carbon Dioxide Sequestration via Gas Hydrates: A Potential Pathway toward Decarbonization · Energy & Fuels · 2020 · 447 citations
- A proposed global layout of carbon capture and storage in line with a 2 °C climate target · Nature Climate Change · 2021 · 434 citations
- Comprehensive review of CO2 geological storage: Exploring principles, mechanisms, and prospects · Earth-Science Reviews · 2024 · 344 citations
Most recent work
- Mechanical Properties of Sandstones Damaged by CO 2 Reactions and Flow Characteristics under Complex Mixed-Wettability · Energy & Fuels · 2026
- Physical solutions for hydrogen storage: Technological challenges, safety assessments, and environmental aspects · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · 2026
- Electrochemical CO2 capture via a gas diffusion layer for sustainable hardness ion removal · Separation and Purification Technology · 2026
- A Review and Outlook on Experimental Advances and Innovations in Geological CO 2 Storage: Insights from Depleted Gas Reservoirs and Saline Aquifers · Energy & Fuels · 2026
- Elucidating the behavior, kinetics and mechanism of wet carbonation in ternesite · Cement and Concrete Research · 2026
- Multiphase flow dynamics and flow pattern analysis in production wellbore during subsurface carbon storage · Fuel · 2026
- Beyond wettability: Flow regime and geological heterogeneity controls on CO2 trapping efficiency and dissolution behavior in saline aquifers · Journal of Cleaner Production · 2026
- A review of underground energy storage: Modeling, experiments, and challenges · Applied Energy · 2026
- Prolong Impact of Temperature on CO 2 Dissolution in Finite Heterogeneous Saline Aquifers · Energy & Fuels · 2026
- The pressure balancing act in geological storage: sharing the subsurface for the common good · International journal of greenhouse gas control · 2026
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