Open research questions in Epoxy Resin Curing Processes

What the literature leaves open

• The relationships observed here are limited to the TPU matrix, 2/2 twill architecture, three nominal chip sizes from 4- to 12-mm, extrusion ratio of 9. These results also indicate that high global alignment alone is insufficient to explain the final flexural performance.

  Effects of the chip size on flow resistance, structural development and mechanical properties in the direct extrusion of twill woven carbon-fibre reinforced thermoplastic composite chips · 2026 · DOI

• The Taguchi L9 design was suitable for evaluating the main effects but not for comprehensive interaction analysis; detailed interactions should be investigated using higher-resolution designs. Potential source-level dependence may limit the accuracy of the ML results; TGA kinetics, SHAP analysis, techno-economic assessment, and life-cycle assessment were not explored in this study.

  Data-driven optimization and multiscale characterization of sustainable epoxy-benzoxazine hybrid composites for high-performance structural applications · 2026 · DOI

• The optimized composite will be tested under cyclic fatigue, water, and hygrothermal loading for damage development and retention of mechanical properties in future studies. SHAP analysis and prediction-uncertainty assessment will also be conducted to increase the model explainability and confidence. Furthermore, publication-level validation will be studied to assess the model’s generalizability to future studies.

  Data-driven optimization and multiscale characterization of sustainable epoxy-benzoxazine hybrid composites for high-performance structural applications · 2026 · DOI

• It highlights the need for new monomer designs that can produce highly crosslinked polybenzoxazine networks with enhanced properties.

  Soft and Rigid Imide-based Benzoxazines as Precursors to High-performance Polybenzoxazines: Synthesis, Thermal Behavior, and Tunable Photoluminescent Properties · 2026 · DOI

• The prediction of the performance of BADGE-based epoxy resin after aging is primarily based on accelerated aging tests and empirical formulae to establish aging models; however, these models lack validation through long-term natural aging test data.

  A Review on the Aging Behavior of BADGE-Based Epoxy Resin · 2025 · DOI

• This approach has its limitations, particularly the tendency of rubber to reduce the thermal resistance, aging resistance, and thermal stability of the epoxy resin, which may be limiting factors in practical applications. In contrast, the use of thermoplastic resins to toughen epoxy resins can effectively address these issues.

  Advances in Toughening Modification Methods for Epoxy Resins: A Comprehensive Review · 2025 · DOI

• From a practical perspective, controlling the mean temperature of manufacturing processes is insufficient; microstructures can easily produce thermal gradients of more than 8% on the surface temperature, which can be translated, for example, to a 20 C underestimation on the maximum temperature for a processing window of 230 to 270 C.

  The Influence of Microstructural Heterogeneities on the Thermal Response of CFRTP Composite Tapes at the Ply-Scale · 2025 · DOI

• Recycling opportunities for novel types of composite materials need to be further explored, considering zero-waste technologies and improved socio-economic aspects.

  Comparative Analysis of Impregnation Methods for Polyimide-Based Prepregs: Insights from Industrial Perspective · 2025 · DOI

• There is a need to reduce the prepolymer viscosity to ease resin flow and improve the quality of the composite structures.

  Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Epoxy Resin upon Addition of Low-Viscosity Modifier · 2024 · DOI

• The challenges include the need for controlled polymerization conditions. The paper also identifies challenges related to the development of coatings with high hydrophobicity and anticorrosion efficiency.

  Partially Bio-Based Benzoxazine Monomers Derived from Thymol: Photoluminescent Properties, Polymerization Characteristics, Hydrophobic Coating Investigations, and Anticorrosion Studies · 2024 · DOI

• The gap in prior work is not explicitly stated, but it appears to be related to the need for materials with high hydrophobicity and anticorrosion efficiency. The paper identifies a need for the development of coatings with improved properties.

  Partially Bio-Based Benzoxazine Monomers Derived from Thymol: Photoluminescent Properties, Polymerization Characteristics, Hydrophobic Coating Investigations, and Anticorrosion Studies · 2024 · DOI

• The need for in situ monitoring of molding processes. The lack of understanding of the effect of filler load on curing kinetics. The need for highly accurate prediction models for the degree of cure.

  In Situ Monitoring of the Curing of Highly Filled Epoxy Molding Compounds: The Influence of Reaction Type and Silica Content on Cure Kinetic Models · 2024 · DOI

• The paper identifies the need to replace synthetic and petroleum-based ingredients with renewable and more eco-friendly alternatives in the tire industry. The study highlights the lack of understanding of the effect of resins of different origin on the structure, dynamics, and curing characteristics of SBR compounds.

  Exploring the Effect of Resins of Different Origin on the Structure, Dynamics and Curing Characteristics of SBR Compounds · 2024 · DOI

• Lack of understanding of the cure behavior of unsaturated polyester resin systems. Need for a model that can accurately predict the cure behavior based on processing conditions. Limited knowledge of the effect of processing conditions on the cure behavior of UPRs.

  Development of a Cure Model for Unsaturated Polyester Resin Systems Based on Processing Conditions · 2024 · DOI

• The experiments are limited to a specific range of cure profiles. The simulations are based on a finite element simulation procedure.

  A Precise Prediction of the Chemical and Thermal Shrinkage during Curing of an Epoxy Resin · 2024 · DOI

• PBzs have emerged as a transformative class of thermosetting polymers, with properties that align seamlessly with the needs of high-performance applications in diverse sectors such as aerospace, electronics, coatings, adhesives, and biomedical fields.

  A Comprehensive Review on Bio-Based Polybenzoxazines Emphasizing Their Antimicrobial Property · 2025 · DOI

• Polybenzoxazine aerogels are an emerging class of thermal insulation materials known for their superior thermal stability, low thermal conductivity, flame retardancy, and customizable properties (Table 2). They are synthesized through the polymerization of benzoxazine monomers, resulting in nanoporous structures that efficiently insulate heat while maintaining mechanical integrity under harsh conditions.

  Characteristics of Polybenzoxazine Aerogels as Thermal Insulation and Flame-Retardant Materials · 2025 · DOI

• Polybenzoxazine-derived carbon materials have emerged as promising candidates for advanced energy storage applications, due to their exceptional thermal stability, high carbon yield, tunable porosity, and superior electrochemical properties.

  Thermally Stable Carbon Materials from Polybenzoxazines: Structure, Properties, and Supercapacitor Potential · 2025 · DOI

• In recent years, a notable shift towards eco-friendly fiber-reinforced thermoplastics has emerged in response to growing environmental concerns, including waste generation and climate change. The recycling of carbon fibers from end-of-life composites has gained increasing attention as a strategy to promote sustainable development.

  Sustainable Acrylic Thermoplastic Composites via Vacuum-Assisted Resin Infusion Molding: Evaluation and Comparison of Fabrics and Recycled Non-Woven Carbon Fiber as Reinforcement · 2025 · DOI

• Existing models do not account for tool-part interaction - The prediction of cure-induced spring-in remains challenging due to the complexity of tool-part…

  An Analytical Model for Cure-Induced Spring-In of Curved Composite Parts Considering Tool-Part Interaction · 2026 · DOI

• Investigating the properties of CFF-PEEK composites under different environmental conditions, - Exploring the cost-effectiveness of the process, - Studying the effects of different carbon fiber fabric types on the properties of CFF-PEEK…

  Study on the Preparation and Process Parameter-Mechanical Property Relationships of Carbon Fiber Fabric Reinforced Poly(Ether Ether Ketone) Thermoplastic Composites · 2024 · DOI

• The dielectric constant of the solvent had an effect on the yield, - The polarity had no direct effect on the yield, - Considering environmentally friendly materials, solvent-free methods, or low toxicity solvents as alternatives should be further…

  Preparation and Characterization of Guaiacol-Furfuramine Benzoxazine and Its Modification of Bisphenol A-Aniline Oxazine Resin · 2024 · DOI

• Further study on environmentally friendly materials, - Further study on solvent-free methods or low toxicity solvents, - Study on the mechanical properties of the GFZ/BAZ copolymer…

  Preparation and Characterization of Guaiacol-Furfuramine Benzoxazine and Its Modification of Bisphenol A-Aniline Oxazine Resin · 2024 · DOI

• The study only investigated the effects of g-C3N4 on epoxy composites, - The sample size was limited to '9 distinct sets of samples', - The study did not explore the long-term effects of g-C3N4 on epoxy…

  Various Morphologies of Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) and Their Effect on the Thermomechanical Properties of Thermoset Epoxy Resin Composites · 2024 · DOI

• Investigating the effects of g-C3N4 on other types of polymers, - Exploring the long-term effects of g-C3N4 on epoxy composites, - Studying the impact of g-C3N4 on the electrical properties of epoxy…

  Various Morphologies of Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) and Their Effect on the Thermomechanical Properties of Thermoset Epoxy Resin Composites · 2024 · DOI

Most-cited papers in Epoxy Resin Curing Processes

• Factors involved in the development of polymerization shrinkage stress in resin-composites: A systematic review · Dental Materials · 2005 · 538 citations
• Advances in sustainable thermosetting resins: From renewable feedstock to high performance and recyclability · Progress in Polymer Science · 2020 · 410 citations
• Adhesion and cohesion of epoxy-based industrial composite coatings · Composites Part B Engineering · 2020 · 359 citations
• Recovery of epoxy thermosets and their composites · Materials Today · 2023 · 260 citations
• Polymerization Shrinkage Stress Kinetics and Related Properties of Bulk-fill Resin Composites · Operative Dentistry · 2013 · 239 citations
• Mechanical properties and wear behavior of light-cured packable composite resins · Dental Materials · 2000 · 234 citations
• The effect of filler and silane content on conversion of resin-based composite · Dental Materials · 2003 · 229 citations
• Polymerization Shrinkage and Depth of Cure of Bulk-Fill Resin Composites and Highly Filled Flowable Resin · Operative Dentistry · 2014 · 193 citations
• Influence of light intensity on polymerization shrinkage and integrity of restoration‐cavity interface · European Journal Of Oral Sciences · 1995 · 191 citations
• In-vitro pulp chamber temperature rise during composite resin polymerization with various light-curing sources · Dental Materials · 1999 · 181 citations

Most recent work

• Synergistic enhancement of heat resistance and mechanical performance of epoxy resin by introducing entanglement effect · Composites Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing · 2026
• Enhanced fracture toughness and controlled curing of basalt fiber/epoxy composites via PPE powder modification · Engineering Fracture Mechanics · 2026
• High‐Performance Phenolic Resin Reinforced by Tannic Acid‐Polyethyleneimine Functionalized Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Wood‐Based Panels · Macromolecular Rapid Communications · 2026
• Recent advances in full lifecycle technologies of 3D woven or braided composites: Design, molding, prediction, characterization, application and recycling · Composites Part B Engineering · 2026
• A versatile platform of Quinolinoxazine monomers and polymers: Unlocking structure-property relationships in thermal stability, biological activity, and white-light emission · Reactive and Functional Polymers · 2026
• A novel bio-based polybenzoxazine prepared from fluorinated Schiff base and furfurylamine with superior thermal, flame-retardant and superhigh-frequency low dielectric properties · Reactive and Functional Polymers · 2026
• 3D U-Net-based segmentation of voids and delamination in composite materials using micro-CT data · Composites Part B Engineering · 2026
• Pre-Heating Effect on the Microhardness and Depth of Cure of Bulk-Fill Composite Resins · Odovtos - International Journal of Dental Sciences · 2026
• AFP-Net: A single-stage approach for defect detection in automated fiber placement of carbon fiber reinforced polymers for aircraft manufacturing · Aerospace Science and Technology · 2026
• Synergistic optimization of interlaminar toughness and in-plane mechanical properties in CF/EP composites via PES/SCFs hybrid coatings · Composites Part B Engineering · 2026

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