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Open research questions in Freedom of Expression and Defamation

46 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 959 Freedom of Expression and Defamation papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • The lack of clear regulations and guidelines for social media platforms to follow in cases of copyright infringement. The need for a balanced approach to protect copyright holders' rights and users' interests.

    Liability of Social Media Platforms for Copyright Infringement · 2026 · DOI

  • The novel characteristics of XR require new approaches to content moderation. The intensified psychological and social impacts of online harms in XR pose a challenge to content moderation. The lack of clear and transparent policies for content moderation is a challenge.

    Trust and Safety in Social XR: · 2026 · DOI

  • The erosion of moral character in digital spaces. The need for increased awareness and understanding of ethical behavior in social media use. The challenge of promoting ethical behavior in social media use in the Indonesian context.

    Safe Social Media Use by Upholding Ethics · 2026 · DOI

  • The intentional failure to disclose LLM use can deprive others of valuable information they need for their epistemic appraisal of another's authentic competencies. The use of LLMs can lead to negative perceptions of valued features of interpersonal communication.

    Is Undisclosed LLM Use Morally Wrong? · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper identifies the challenge of developing content moderation systems that are accurate and fair. It highlights the challenge of balancing the need for content moderation with the need to protect user dignity and agency.

    Mapping the Stochastic Penal Colony · 2026 · DOI

  • The study identifies the challenge of differing interpretations of the laws and regulations. The study identifies the challenge of difficulties in proving digital evidence. The study identifies the challenge of limited facilities and capabilities of law enforcement officers.

    Penegakan Hukum terhadap Tindak Pidana Penghinaan dan Pencemaran Nama Baik · 2026 · DOI

  • The study is limited to an analysis of four Arab jurisdictions, and may not be generalizable to other regions or countries. The study does not provide an empirical analysis of the impact of these laws on online hate speech, but rather a doctrinal and textual analysis of the legislative architecture.

    Legislative architecture of online hate speech offences in Arab cybercrime laws: legality and proportionality · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research could explore the impact of these laws on online hate speech, using empirical methods to analyze the effects of different legislative architectures. The study could be expanded to include other regions or countries, providing a more comprehensive understanding of online hate speech regulation globally.

    Legislative architecture of online hate speech offences in Arab cybercrime laws: legality and proportionality · 2026 · DOI

  • The challenge of protecting children's rights in the context of sharenting. The challenge of balancing parents' freedom to share information online with the need to protect children's privacy. The challenge of educating parents about the potential consequences of sharenting.

    Sharenting: The parents' right or the abuse of the child's rights? · 2025 · DOI

  • Future research should explore the long-term effects of sharenting on children's mental health. Future research should analyze the effectiveness of legal measures in protecting children from the harmful effects of sharenting.

    Sharenting: The parents' right or the abuse of the child's rights? · 2025 · DOI

  • Despite this increased concern, however, legal research specific to dentistry concerning defamation is still scarce.

    Defamation in Dentistry: Legal Frameworks, Professional Risks and Preventive Strategies in the Digital Era · 2026 · DOI

  • This approach would bring a pragmatism to R2P to counter the current criticism of the norm’s political and scholarly malaise, moving the norm away from the academic and theoretical world to give the Responsibility to Protect a relevance that critics suggest is currently lacking.

    R2P, Social Media, and the Importance of the Lower-Salience Stakeholder · 2026 · DOI

  • The difficulty of balancing competing interests in public employee speech cases. The lack of clear guidance from the Supreme Court on the application of the balancing test.

    The first amendment and the government workplace: Has the constitution fallen down on the job? · 1983 · DOI

  • The study identifies a gap in the application of the First Amendment to public employee speech. The author argues that the ad hoc balancing approach leads to inconsistencies and limits free speech in public organizations.

    The first amendment and the government workplace: Has the constitution fallen down on the job? · 1983 · DOI

  • The complexity of social media regulation. The difficulty of establishing causality between social media use and negative effects. The need for social media companies to balance user safety with free speech and expression.

    K.G.M v. Meta et al & Corporate Liability for the Negative Effects of Social Media · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper acknowledges that it is not only Western and mainstream platforms that are worthy of scholarly attention. The analysis is limited to two platforms, VRChat and Horizon Worlds. The paper does not provide a comprehensive analysis of all social XR platforms.

    Trust and Safety in Social XR: · 2026 · DOI

  • The study identifies a gap in the understanding of social media ethics in the Indonesian context. The decline in online ethics in Indonesia is a pressing issue that requires attention.

    Safe Social Media Use by Upholding Ethics · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper identifies the gap in awareness about predatory, fraudulent journals among scholars. The gap in understanding the exploitative intentions of these entities is also identified.

    A Warning about the Predatory, Fraudulent Version of IJME · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a gap in the current literature regarding the ethical implications of undisclosed LLM use. The ethical implications of undisclosed LLM use during online interpersonal communications have seen little attention.

    Is Undisclosed LLM Use Morally Wrong? · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper suggests that future research should focus on developing more accurate and fair content moderation systems. It highlights the need for greater transparency in content moderation policies and enforcement.

    Mapping the Stochastic Penal Colony · 2026 · DOI

  • The gap in current doctrine is the lack of a framework that can allocate responsibility for deepfake-induced harm. The current civil-liability doctrine does not easily resolve deepfake-induced harm.

    Deepfake-induced harm and AI accountability: a layered civil-liability framework for generative models, platforms, and digital identity · 2026 · DOI

  • The study identifies a gap in the legal challenges associated with establishing a clear legal standard for the concept of low-quality content in contemporary legislation. The research highlights the difficulty of distinguishing between misinformation, disinformation, and legitimate speech within digital platforms.

    Digital Chaos and the Exploitation of Low-Quality Content in the Digital Environment · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research should focus on providing a comprehensive analysis of the digital evidence. Future research should focus on providing a detailed analysis of the obstacles faced by law enforcement officers.

    Penegakan Hukum terhadap Tindak Pidana Penghinaan dan Pencemaran Nama Baik · 2026 · DOI

  • Are corporations ever morally obligated to engage in counterspeech-that is, in speech that aims to counter hate speech and misinformation? While existing arguments in moral and political philosophy show that individuals and states have such obligations, it is an open question whether those arguments apply to corporations as well.

    Corporate Counterspeech · 2022 · DOI

  • Some of the reasons that necessitate the increase in predatory publishing in developing countries are; the lack of proper policies or guidance on where research articles should or should not be published, the failure to embrace open access initiatives for visibility and dissemination of research outputs so as to discourage academic malpractice and unethical behaviors, lack of funds, poor or limited information literacy among other factors.

    Predatory Publishing: A Catalyst of Misinformation and Disinformation Amongst Academicians and Learners in Developing Countries · 2022 · DOI

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46 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 959 Freedom of Expression and Defamation papers in our library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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