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Open research questions in International Science and Diplomacy

45 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 457 International Science and Diplomacy papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • Displaced medical students faced challenges with language and cultural integration. The onset of war fractured social networks, leading to a profound sense of loss. Participants experienced uncertainty surrounding their medical education and future.

    Lived experiences of international medical students displaced from Ukraine to an Irish university: a phenomenological study · 2026 · DOI

  • The lack of preservation of failed attempts, revised reasoning, and abandoned hypotheses - The need for a user-centric and AI-enabled support system

    Redesigning Japan's Photon Science Knowledge Infrastructure and Circulation for the SPring-8-II Era · 2026 · DOI

  • The complexity of particle accelerator operations. The need for coordination across institutions and disciplines. The challenges of integrating large language models into accelerator operations.

    Editorial: Artificial Intelligence for Particle Accelerators · 2026 · DOI

  • The AI system's lack of memory between sessions. The statistical structure that produces certain responses predictably more likely. The complexity of the physical phenomena being investigated.

    Complete Catalog of Analysis Errors Committed by AI System in the Investigation of the Interaction Field : Twelve Identified and Corrected Failure Modes, the Permanent Norms Derived from Each, and the Record of Issues Closed in Both Directions · 2026 · DOI

  • To further study the divisor-visibility and factor-dimension projection models. To apply these models to other mathematical structures. To explore the implications of the results for number theory and algebra.

    QCG Research Notes: No Gloves Archive, Vol. 1: Internal Research Notes, Interpretive Expansions, Corrections, Extensions, and Working Analyses of Quantum Collapse Geometry · 2026 · DOI

  • Introducing psychodrama to lawyers - Emphasizing the need for self-awareness - Serving Moreno's vision of sociatry as a healing method for society

    2012 Journal Front Matter · 2026 · DOI

  • Researchers interested in the interpretive history, open problems, failed mechanisms, corrections, extensions, and internal research architecture should consult the Research Note archive.

    QCG Research Notes: No Gloves Archive, Vol. 1: Internal Research Notes, Interpretive Expansions, Corrections, Extensions, and Working Analyses of Quantum Collapse Geometry · 2026 · DOI

  • The PDL programme aims to fill the gap in our understanding of the fundamental physical constants and dynamical laws. The programme has the potential to resolve long-standing problems in physics, such as the Hubble tension.

    Projective Dynamic Logo (PDL) — Global Mapping of Structures, Results, and Open Problems (Version 20) · 2026 · DOI

  • The following list supersedes the open-problem list of v19. Problems are classified by priority and domain. OP1, OP4, OP8, OP11, OP12, OP13, OP14, OP-London, and OP1-D35 have been fully resolved and are retained for historical reference only. Open Problem 13.1 (OP1 — Resolved: Indifference Lemma H3). Fully resolved by D42. The Indifference Lemma (H3) has been derived from axioms C1–C4 via three lemmas: D42-L1 (Equiparticipation), D42-L2 (Cross-Triangle Blindness), D42-L3 (S4-Equivariance). As a corollary, κ = 310φ/11017 ∈ Q( 5) is an unconditional theorem. The entire causal chain from √ 20 C1–C4 to the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy is now fully axiomatic. µν = −C η18 Open Problem 13.2 (OP1-D35 — Resolved: cosmological leakage constant C). Fully resolved by D51+D52. The constant C in C(leak) L (mpc/ℏ)2gµν is C = (1 − κ)997 × (930/11017)23 × (1−ηL)67, derived from C1–C4 via β1(K4) = 3 (D23), prime cycle lengths (D51 Lemma 2), quintuplet indices (D51 Lemma 3), and identification of the three leakage bases (D52). Agreement with Λobs: 0.17 ppm. The causal chain C1–C4 → ΛPDL is complete. Open Problem 13.3 (OP2 — Global uniqueness of the proton quintuplet). Prove that (24, 28, 930, 10087, 11017) is the global (not merely local) minimum of the coherence leakage functional over all admissible integer tuples. The local uniqueness conjecture has been verified computationally for all tuples within a neighbourhood of radius 104; the global statement remains open. Priority: high. Entry point: D16, D16b. Open Problem 13.4 (OP3 — Algebraic proof of 155/11017). Provide a closed-form algebraic derivation of 155/11017 from the combinatorial structure of K4, replacing the exhaustive enumeration over 768 configurations in D29. The exhaustive verification is complete and rigorous, but an analytic proof would yield structural insight. Priority: medium. Entry point: D29. Open Problem 13.5 (OP4 — Resolved: Born’s rule Level 2). Fully resolved by D46. The U(1) phase freedom ψ 7→ eiαψ has been derived from the K4 pulsation structure via three propositions establishing the Hopf fibration structure, U(1)-invariance of the AB criterion, and uniqueness of the Born measure. The quantum dynamics layer is complete. Open Problem 13.6 (OP5 — CMB angular power spectrum from PDL). Derive the CMB angular power spectrum Cℓ from the PDL cosmological framework, using the σ(N)-modified gravitational coupling. The scalar spectral index ns ≈ 0.965 and the tensor-to-scalar ratio r are the primary targets. Priority: medium. Entry point: D27, D35. Open Problem 13.7 (OP6 — PDL prediction for gravitational wave polarisation). Determine whether the PDL Einstein equation (with the σ(N)-modified coupling) predicts any deviation from GR in the polarisation or amplitude of gravitational waves at cosmological scales. Priority: medium. Entry point: D35, D38, D48. Open Problem 13.8 (OP7 — Derivation of the 47 ppm residual in µ).

    Projective Dynamic Logo (PDL) — Global Mapping of Structures, Results, and Open Problems (Version 20) · 2026 · DOI

  • Abstract Research funding drives institutional change within national science systems (NSS), yet its specific effects remain underexplored—especially in small, maturing systems.

    Research funding, science production, and international collaborations: Luxembourg’s maturing national science system · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research should investigate the role of Structural Intelligence in scientific inquiry, particularly in cases where experimental contact begins to outrun a successful theory. It should explore the implications of the paper's findings for our understanding of scientific revision and the importance of answerable revision.

    When Reality Outruns Theory: Physics as a Formal Neighbor to Structural Intelligence · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper identifies a gap in our understanding of how scientific intelligence looks like when experimental contact begins to outrun a successful theory, but no final replacement is yet justified. It highlights the need for a new perspective on the role of Structural Intelligence in scientific inquiry.

    When Reality Outruns Theory: Physics as a Formal Neighbor to Structural Intelligence · 2026 · DOI

  • Appendix XL of the Theory of Subjection (Eleandro Rodrigues, 2026) presents four contributions to open problems in contemporary physics: the physical cause of the De Broglie and Bohm pilot wave, identified in the jurisdictional field already formalized in the theory; the jurisdictional reading of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon (Fermilab, 2025, 4.

    ADDENDUM — BLOCK XL The Standard Model under Pressure: Pilot Wave, LHC Anomalies, and Fundamental Constants from a Jurisdictional Perspective. CLOSING OF THE ADDENDUM CYCLE. Closing Note and Refinement of Eq. D4 · 2026 · DOI

  • Finally, the hardest open problem in Maldacena's program, the extension of holographic duality to de Sitter space, the actual spacetime of the universe with positive cosmological constant, finds a jurisdictional resolution: the asymptotic boundary that AdS provides does not exist in de Sitter, but the observer's jurisdictional now Ω(O,t), formalized in Eq.

    Addendum XXV — Closing Maldacena's Gap: Islands Find Their Physical Mechanism, ER=EPR Finds Its Formal Derivation, and de Sitter Space Finds Its Holographic Dual in the Observer's Jurisdictional Now · 2026 · DOI

  • This addendum formalizes the correspondence between the Theory of Subjection (Rodrigues, 2026) and the scientific program of Juan Maldacena (Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton), addressing three open problems that remain beyond what AdS/CFT specifies.

    Addendum XXV — Closing Maldacena's Gap: Islands Find Their Physical Mechanism, ER=EPR Finds Its Formal Derivation, and de Sitter Space Finds Its Holographic Dual in the Observer's Jurisdictional Now · 2026 · DOI

  • Little is known about the in-depth lived experiences of displaced international medical students. Existing research has often focused on students who remained in Ukraine.

    Lived experiences of international medical students displaced from Ukraine to an Irish university: a phenomenological study · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a need to consider the International Union of Crystallography's input into Open Science activities. The practical landscape in which crystallographers work needs to be discussed.

    Crystallography in Open Science and its open educational resources · 2026 · DOI

  • A systematic review of the DOE-UAP-D002 materials is recommended as a near-term research priority. Intermediate-scale experiments may bridge the laboratory-scale and atmospheric-scale regimes.

    The Tuck Letter (1970): Early Official Interest in Atmospheric Vortex Phenomena and Its Implications for Quantum Gravitodiamagnetic Hypotheses · 2026 · DOI

  • The study of UAP has long occupied an uncomfortable position at the margins of mainstream physics. There is a lack of experimental programs to detect gravitomagnetic signatures.

    The Tuck Letter (1970): Early Official Interest in Atmospheric Vortex Phenomena and Its Implications for Quantum Gravitodiamagnetic Hypotheses · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research should investigate the capabilities of LLMs in autonomous scientific research. Future research should aim to improve the abilities of LLMs in this setting.

    Conclusion of the Experiment Supervisor · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper identifies the gap in the capabilities of LLMs in autonomous scientific research. The LLMs are not able to solve open problems or contain significant scientific contribution.

    Conclusion of the Experiment Supervisor · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper suggests that domain-specific foundation models could enable knowledge transfer at an unprecedented scale. It also highlights the potential for integrating large language models into accelerator operations.

    Editorial: Artificial Intelligence for Particle Accelerators · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper suggests future research directions including testing the Primer Mechanism in different domains. The paper proposes testing the mechanism in lab pumps, weather models, and biomechanics.

    The Primer Mechanism · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper identifies a gap in current understanding of motion initiation. The gap is the lack of a universal law that applies across multiple domains. The paper argues that the Primer Mechanism fills this gap.

    The Primer Mechanism · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research should focus on developing AI systems that can investigate complex physical phenomena without committing errors. Future research should focus on improving the performance of AI systems in similar investigations.

    Complete Catalog of Analysis Errors Committed by AI System in the Investigation of the Interaction Field : Twelve Identified and Corrected Failure Modes, the Permanent Norms Derived from Each, and the Record of Issues Closed in Both Directions · 2026 · DOI

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45 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 457 International Science and Diplomacy papers in our library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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