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Open research questions in Linguistics, Language Diversity, and Identity

37 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 1,594 Linguistics, Language Diversity, and Identity papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • This study offers an initial overview of Russian and Ukrainian in public space in Poland and the attitudes towards the changed LL mainly among Polish students after the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The data reveals that for the vast majority of the respondents these multilingual signs are clearly visible and widely recognized as markers of demographic changes tied to migration patterns, especially following recent geopolitical events. Many participants associate such signage with Poland’s openness toward newcomers, seeing it as a reflection of solidarity – particularly with Ukrainians – and a practical means of facilitating communication. In this sense, signage in Ukrainian and Russian is often viewed as a gesture of welcome and inclusivity, underscoring Poland’s evolving cultural and linguistic environment. At the same time, the responses given encompass a broad spectrum of attitudes, ranging from strongly positive through neutral to overtly negative. Positive sentiments focus on recognizing migrants’ communication needs, appreciating diversity, and highlighting Poland’s growing cultural openness. Neutral perspectives note the presence of new populations and the functional necessity of multilingual signage without expressing marked approval or disapproval. Though fewer in number, negative views spotlight concerns about overshadowing Polish identity, perceived preferential treatment of Ukrainians, or a sense of being “abroad in one’s own country”. These tensions are most pronounced in discussions of language learning, educational equity, and broader reflections on conflict-driven migration. Nonetheless, the mixed attitudes suggest a complex negotiation between fostering integration and preserving linguistic tradition within Polish cities.

    Linguistic landscapes in transition: Polish students’ views on Ukrainian and Russian signage · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research could address remaining gaps by expanding to larger multimodal corpora, conversational and social media data, or experimental designs that test processing and acquisition of metonymic pragmatic functions. communication intercultural it because This study is limited to a corpus drawn primarily from news, opinion, and literary texts published between 2020 and 2025.

    The pragmatic functions of metonomy in cross-linguistic perspective: evidence from English and Uzbek · 2026 · DOI

  • The effects of 166 Journal of Social & Organizational Matters Vol 5 No 2 (2026): 157-168 vocabulary changes on literacy and education should be investigated by researchers.

    A Diachronic Corpus Analysis of English Vocabulary: The Role of Social Media in Shaping Lexical and Semantic Shifts in Language · 2026 · DOI

  • Despite its contributions, this study is subject to several limitations: Corpus representation: COHA reflects primarily written, edited American English. Spoken language, digital communication, and other varieties of English may exhibit different patterns of morphological adaptation. Sample size and selection: Although 150 loanwords constitute a substantial sample, they represent a small fraction of English borrowings. Very low-frequency borrowings excluded by the minimum frequency criterion may display distinct behavior. COHA’s limited coverage of very recent borrowings (post-2000) also constrains the analysis of the most recent adaptation patterns. U.Yaseen et al. 1545 Wasit Journal for Human Sciences /Vol. 22/Iss2/2026 Morphological scope: This study addresses only inflectional morphology. Derivational morphology—suffixation, compounding—represents an important related domain for future research. Causal attribution: Corpus data support correlational inference but cannot establish causal mechanisms with certainty. Experimental psycholinguistic evidence would strengthen the causal claims suggested by these findings. Individual variation: Corpus data aggregate across large numbers of speakers, potentially obscuring individual differences in morphological knowledge and use. Semantic factors: While broad semantic domains were coded, fine-grained semantic variables— animacy, concreteness, cultural specificity—were not systematically analyzed and may influence morphological behavior.

    <b>A Corpus – Based Analysis of Morphological Drift: The Role of Analogy and Regulation in the inflectional Behavior of Recent English Loanword in COHA</b> · 2026 · DOI

  • More particularly, there is an overuse of the feminine grammatical gender, assigned to -human nouns, contrary to a neuterization tendency displayed by the Greek language, while the masculine grammatical gender is scarcely employed, and a significant number of feminine loans end in -o and -u in the citation form.

    Μorphological Integration of Loan Words in Kaliardá · 2022 · DOI

  • Moreover, from the point of view of teaching foreign languages, we can use the second type of equivalence as a contrasting factor between French and Slovak language-cultures because they can either easily interfere with other phrasemes of the target language-culture or be not well understood in the target language-culture.

    Specific Phrasemes with Ethnonyms and their Study by Corpus Analysis · 2017 · DOI

  • The problem of false imprints in particular warrants further study; many items in the ESTC database that were printed on the Continent claim to be published in London, and there are items that were published in London that purported to be printed on the Continent; if these latter items were not in the English language, they are not included in the scope of the ESTC and therefore would have been excluded from the studies in this volume.

    Foreign-Language Printing in London, 1500-1900 (review) · 2004 · DOI

  • The Maltese language was able to attain the function of a literary language in the nineteenth century but it had no standard orthography until 1931 and was only adopted as Malta's of cial language in 1964.

    Malta: Language, Literacy and Identity in a Mediterranean Island Society · 2001 · DOI

  • That is to say, it is limited to the analysis of the properties of the signal systems or ‘codes’ themselves as inferred from the structure of messages, while it excludes on the one hand the primary nonlinguistic stimuli which prompt messages or are encoded in them, and on the other hand also the nonlinguistic responses which the messages may evoke.

    A Semantic Analysis of the Pawnee Kinship Usage · 1956 · DOI

  • Indeed, future research could examine how people learn majority and minority languages alongside each other and use a range of languages in their everyday lives and how this relates to experiences of integration in society.

    Language ideologies in motion: negotiating the choice of ‘integration language’ in a Swedish-dominant area of Finland · 2026 · DOI

  • The article examines the reception of contemporary word-formation derivatives from Polish public discourse by the Polish diaspora in Chicago, addressing a gap in research on their understanding by this group.

    Eponimiczne derywaty słowotwórcze polskiej debaty publicznej w odbiorze Polonii z Chicago · 2026 · DOI

  • Although it has been extensively studied in Romance linguistics, dialectology, and language didactics, intercomprehension remains underexplored from the perspective of the linguistic landscape, understood as the visibility and spatial distribution of languages in public space.

    El paisaje lingüístico de la <i>Romania</i> a través del prisma de la intercomprensión · 2025 · DOI

  • Metaphorical ways of depicting disgust (the subject of the feeling, the feeling of its perpetrator, the causes) are served by various linguistic exponents, which are obviously limited to the essential data necessary in dictionaries and expanded in the corpus.

    Wstręt i jego metaforyczne obrazy w języku (na podstawie danych leksykograficznych i korpusowych) · 2025 · DOI

  • The presence and status of Turkish loanwords in modern Croatian are issues that have not been described in detail in the scholarly literature to date.

    Turkish loanwords in the language and minds of young Croatians (based on survey research) · 2024 · DOI

  • The usage of English loanwords in spoken Polish and Russian is frequent, which is why the characteristics of spoken language in contemporary spoken Russian and Polish needs to be examined.

    Anglicyzmy w konfrontatywnym nauczaniu języka rosyjskiego · 2024 · DOI

  • This study is relevant, because a comprehensive study of the new language norms usage in online massmedia is lacking, scientists focused their attention on individual norms and the number of texts in sample wasn’t large.

    Computer Analysis of New Language Norms Usage in Ukrainian Online Mass-Media · 2022 · DOI

  • However, little is known about the dynamics of the absentness and presentness of race, including how various social processes operating at distinct levels (e.

    “Black race”, “Schwarze Hautfarbe”, “Origine africaine”, or “Etnia nera”? The absent presence of race in European pharmaceutical regulation · 2022 · DOI

  • Originality: Besides providing a detailed sociolinguistic description for an underresearched part of the world, this paper uses a novel methodology for reconstructing multilingualism of the past.

    Languages and ideologies at the Lower Yenisei (Siberia): Reconstructing past multilingualism · 2021 · DOI

  • The main concern is incorrect, inappropriate and often tautological usage of foreign words, indicating insufficient knowledge of lexicology, deficiencies in the language culture or journalists’ poor professional attitude.

    Svešvārdi, eifēmismi un neskaidra izteiksme – laikmeta zīmes žurnālistu valodā · 2021 · DOI

  • Using different dictionaries and conducting additional research of the definitions suggested by different scholars the author substantiates the choice of equivalents in the target language.

    Rendering of Charles Peirce’s metalanguage in Ukrainian translation of his article “On a New List of Categories” · 2020 · DOI

  • At the same time, it cannot be ignored that the language and text (types) competence and especially the figurative competence of the text producers in the area of conceptual-writing skills vary widely and are often not comparable to those of federal German journalists.

    Figurative Language in the German-Speaking Press Abroad · 2020 · DOI

  • Thus, in the work the main speech techniques of communicative sadistic mistreatment over the interlocutor are indicated, further research of which will allow to develop methods of counteracting violence in communication.

    The Courtly Strategy of Speech Behavior of a Communicative Sadist · 2019 · DOI

  • The authors briefly presents the prospects for further study of borrowed vocabulary as a special component of the modern Russian language, constantly updated in accordance with the new realities in the life of society.

    Borrowed vocabulary in modern Russian language: status, prospects · 2019 · DOI

  • The expression of intensification in Polish and Slovak has not been widely explored, which is why the present paper aims to point out a few aspects of this phenomenon in two closely related Slavic languages, which may contribute to help fill this gap.

    Adverbial intensifiers in contemporary Polish and Slovak · 2019 · DOI

  • The original book, The Big Fat Giant, by Roald Dahl lends itself perfectly to such a comparative study due to its linguistic and semantic features that need to be explored in order to understand how they were brought to the Albanian language and culture.

    (Mis)Matches in Translation – A Case Study of “The Big Fat Giant” and its Albanian Version · 2018 · DOI

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37 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 1,594 Linguistics, Language Diversity, and Identity papers in our library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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