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Open research questions in Ophthalmology and Eye Disorders

131 gap statements mined from Ophthalmology and Eye Disorders papers in our 4.5M-paper local library, which holds 648 papers on the topic — drawn mostly from each paper's own stated research gap, future-work, challenge and limitation notes, and its abstract. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one.

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What the literature leaves open

  • Progressive exotropic drift and high long-term recurrence remain the principal challenges after surgical correction of sensory exotropia. The study faced challenges in capturing adverse events due to the lack of a standardized safety instrument. The paper identifies the need for a stable, long-term motor alignment in sensory exotropia as a challenge.

    Y-split versus standard lateral rectus recession for sensory exotropia: a propensity-score adjusted cohort study · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a need for a stable, long-term motor alignment in sensory exotropia. Conventional lateral rectus recession has variable success rates. There is a lack of comparison between Y-split and standard lateral rectus recession for sensory exotropia.

    Y-split versus standard lateral rectus recession for sensory exotropia: a propensity-score adjusted cohort study · 2026 · DOI

  • The need for a systematic workup and team-based assessment in orbital surgery. The lack of a road map and algorithm to guide surgeons in selecting the most appropriate approach to orbital pathology.

    Orbital clock concept: A novel anatomical zoning system for endoscopic vs. external orbital approaches · 2026 · DOI

  • Identifying the trochlear nerve is difficult due to its small dimensions and complex intra-cisternal course. Vascular contact to the trochlear nerve may also be observed in healthy persons. Developing effective treatment options for SOM is challenging due to the limited understanding of its pathophysiology.

    Superior oblique myokymia: diagnostic criteria and long-term outcome · 2026 · DOI

  • Limited comprehensive analyses of SOM symptomatology and long-term progression. No available diagnostic criteria for SOM. Need for standardized treatment options.

    Superior oblique myokymia: diagnostic criteria and long-term outcome · 2026 · DOI

  • Few studies have analyzed performance in strabismic patients. There is a lack of understanding of how strabismus affects smooth pursuit in children. The study aims to fill this gap by analyzing smooth pursuit in children with intermittent exotropia or accommodative esotropia.

    Differences in Smooth Pursuit and Associated Saccades in Children With Two Common Types of Strabismus · 2026 · DOI

  • The study requires optimized physiological conditions and fresh human orbital tissue material. The study needs to accommodate the Caspase-Glo 3/7 assay format. The study requires careful comparison of Linsitinib to Teprotumumab.

    The dual IGF-1R/IR blocker, Linsitinib, modulates human orbital fibroblast activity and proliferation · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a need to investigate the effects of dual IGF-1R/IR blockers on human orbital fibroblast activity and proliferation. The study aims to address this gap by using Linsitinib and comparing its effects to Teprotumumab.

    The dual IGF-1R/IR blocker, Linsitinib, modulates human orbital fibroblast activity and proliferation · 2026 · DOI

  • Standard visual acuity tests may not detect subtle visual impairments in patients with thyroid eye disease. There is a need for sensitive and non-invasive methods to detect visual impairments in these patients. The relationship between contrast sensitivity and quality of life in thyroid eye disease patients is not well understood.

    Contrast sensitivity and quality of life after orbital decompression for dysthyroid optic neuropathy · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a lack of recent publications on the prevalence of strabismus in Asia. The existing data on Asian populations may not be representative of the male population.

    Study of strabismus in young Singaporean males · 2026 · DOI

  • Limited clinical data exist directly comparing the efficacy of bupivacaine injection to standard surgical approaches. The optimal surgical technique and timing for intervention in moderate-angle intermittent exotropia remain debated.

    Comparing lateral rectus recession and bupivacaine injection of medial rectus with conventional recession–resection in moderate-angle intermittent exotropia · 2026 · DOI

  • Limited quantitative evidence on iris microvascular changes after routine horizontal rectus surgery. Need to understand the effects of strabismus surgery on anterior segment blood supply. Gap in knowledge on the relationship between iris microcirculation and binocular visual function after strabismus surgery.

    Changes in iris microvasculature after horizontal strabismus surgery: anterior segment OCTA combined with synoptophore-based functional assessment · 2026 · DOI

  • The gap in prior work is the lack of studies on patients with acquired strabismus and high myopia who exhibit only mild or no abduction limitation. There is a need to identify risk factors for progression to heavy eye syndrome in middle-aged and older patients.

    Dissociation between globe shape-induced rectus muscle pulley displacement and abduction limitation in patients aged 40 years and older with high myopic strabismus · 2026 · DOI

  • Early reinjection after BTA for AACE remains a common clinical challenge. Identifying independent risk factors and predictors for reinjection is crucial for individualized management. Developing a reliable prediction model for reinjection is essential for clinical decision-making.

    Risk factors and predictors for botulinum toxin type A reinjection within six months in patients with acute acquired concomitant esotropia · 2026 · DOI

  • Diagnosing TED, with challenges including variable presentations and limited prior reports following COVID-19 vaccination.

    Thyroid Eye Disease Following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: Experience of a Case Series · 2025 · DOI

  • Limited reports of thyroid eye disease following COVID-19 vaccination. Lack of clinical data on this potential safety signal. Need for clinicians to be alert to ocular and thyroid symptoms after immunization.

    Thyroid Eye Disease Following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: Experience of a Case Series · 2025 · DOI

  • The effectiveness of current treatments for Graves' ophthalmopathy is limited. The study required the development of a novel therapeutic approach for Graves' ophthalmopathy.

    Simvastatin-Induced Ferroptosis in Orbital Fibroblasts in Graves’ Ophthalmopathy · 2025 · DOI

  • The precise function and targets of miR-101-3p in thyroid eye disease pathogenesis remain unknown. Limited understanding of the mechanism underlying miR-101-3p involvement in TED pathogenesis.

    miR-101-3p suppresses proliferation of orbital fibroblasts by targeting pentraxin-3 in thyroid eye disease · 2024 · DOI

  • Lesions involving the orbit have challenged surgeons for decades. The lesion's location and the approach needed can be major technical issues. Avoiding crossing the optic nerve to prevent direct manipulation and subsequent potential deficits is a key principle.

    Orbital clock concept: A novel anatomical zoning system for endoscopic vs. external orbital approaches · 2026 · DOI

  • The study had a relatively small sample size of 105 patients. The study only included patients with moderate-angle intermittent exotropia. The follow-up period was limited to 24 months.

    Comparing lateral rectus recession and bupivacaine injection of medial rectus with conventional recession–resection in moderate-angle intermittent exotropia · 2026 · DOI

  • Investigate the effects of strabismus on smooth pursuit in adults, - Examine the relationship between smooth pursuit and other types of strabismus, - Develop more effective treatments for strabismus based on the findings of this study, - Investigate the neural mechanisms underlying smooth pursuit…

    Differences in Smooth Pursuit and Associated Saccades in Children With Two Common Types of Strabismus · 2026 · DOI

  • Further studies on the association between strabismus and psychiatric disorders, - Investigation of the impact of strabismus on health-related quality…

    Study of strabismus in young Singaporean males · 2026 · DOI

  • The tissues included in this study were sourced from individuals whose clinical activity score was less than 3, and thus, these samples may not fully capture the inflammatory condition because orbital surgery is rarely advised for individuals with active GO except for those with an urgent need - Our study focused solely on OFs without considering the interplay between immuneactive cells and OFs or the potential…

    Simvastatin-Induced Ferroptosis in Orbital Fibroblasts in Graves’ Ophthalmopathy · 2025 · DOI

  • Need for improved data-sharing mechanisms - Validation and evaluation of AI systems - Regulatory frameworks for AI in healthcare - Representativeness and generalizability of AI advancements in real-world clinical…

    Integrating artificial intelligence in strabismus management: current research landscape and future directions · 2024 · DOI

  • Underrepresentation of diverse strabismus types - Reliance on single-source data - Lack of inclusive AI systems for strabismus…

    Integrating artificial intelligence in strabismus management: current research landscape and future directions · 2024 · DOI

Most-cited papers in Ophthalmology and Eye Disorders

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Open questions raised by papers listed on this page include: (1) The study faced challenges in capturing adverse events due to the lack of a standardized safety instrument (“Y-split versus standard lateral rectus recession for sensory exotropia: a…”, 2026); (2) The lack of a road map and algorithm to guide surgeons in selecting the most appropriate approach to orbital pathology (“Orbital clock concept: A novel anatomical zoning system for endoscopic vs.”, 2026); (3) There is a lack of understanding of how strabismus affects smooth pursuit in children (“Differences in Smooth Pursuit and Associated Saccades in Children With Two…”, 2026); (4) There is a need to investigate the effects of dual IGF-1R/IR blockers on human orbital fibroblast activity and proliferation (“The dual IGF-1R/IR blocker, Linsitinib, modulates human orbital fibroblast…”, 2026); (5) There is a need for sensitive and non-invasive methods to detect visual impairments in these patients (“Contrast sensitivity and quality of life after orbital decompression for…”, 2026). 131 gap statements have been mined from Ophthalmology and Eye Disorders papers in our 4.5M-paper local library, which holds 648 papers on the topic; the gaps come from whichever of those papers state one. They are mostly the research gaps the authors state and the papers' abstracts, plus future-work, limitations and challenges passages. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one, so you can read the original claim in context.

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