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Open research questions in Plant tissue culture and regeneration

165 gap statements mined from Plant tissue culture and regeneration papers in our 4.5M-paper local library, which holds 1,175 papers on the topic — drawn mostly from each paper's own stated research gap, future-work, challenge and limitation notes, and its abstract. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one.

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What the literature leaves open

  • Pigeonpea is notoriously recalcitrant to regenerate from tissue culture. There is a need to develop an efficient in vitro regeneration system for pigeonpea.

    High Frequency Induction of Callus from Seedling Explants of Pigeonpea · 2026 · DOI

  • The lack of a reproducible vitrification-based cryopreservation protocol for sycamore maple shoot tips. The need to investigate the influence of explant size, hardening, and pre-culture on post-cryopreservation regrowth and subsequent shoot development.

    First successful vitrification-based cryopreservation of in vitro shoot tips of Sycamore Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.): Influence of explant size, hardening, and pre-culture · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a need for improved control of embryo maturation and synchronization of developmental stages. The development of scalable culture platforms is necessary to support high-fidelity clonal propagation. Further research is needed to overcome genotype specificity and asynchronous embryo development.

    Biotechnology of meliaceae: Micropropagation, somatic embryogenesis, and genetic transformation strategies · 2026 · DOI

  • The molecular mechanisms governing foreign DNA uptake and stable genomic integration in wheat remain poorly understood, and the genotype-specific regulatory determinants involved have yet to be defined.

    Molecular regulators of regeneration and strategies for overcoming genotype-dependent recalcitrance in wheat (Triticum aestivum) · 2026 · DOI

  • The lack of effective and reliable propagation techniques hinders sustainable production in the avocado industry.

    Optimised in vitro propagation protocol for the avocado rootstock ‘Duke 7’ ( Persea americana Mill.): Sterilisation, proliferation and rooting · 2026 · DOI

  • The lack of an effective regeneration and micropropagation protocol for the industrial hemp genotype Narlısaray. The need for a safe protocol for in vitro production, rooting, and acclimation of C. sativa.

    Efficient in vitro Micropropagation of Hemp (Cannabis sativa) genotype · 2026 · DOI

  • Further studies can be conducted to optimize the micropropagation protocol for Nepeta baytopii. The protocol can be used for the large-scale production of Nepeta baytopii. The study provides an alternative approach for the propagation of other endangered plant species.

    In vitro micropropagation of the endemic plant Nepeta baytopii Hedge & Lamond · 2026 · DOI

  • Conventional fern breeding relies primarily on sporeling and subsequent selection of sporophytes, which can be time-consuming and labor-intensive. In vitro regeneration via green globular bodies is a potential alternative for breeding and propagation, but the optimal medium composition is unknown.

    Induction of Green Globular Bodies and Plantlet Regeneration in Adiantum trapeziforme · 2026 · DOI

  • The lack of efficient methods for in vitro propagation of D. indica L. The need for a reliable method for large-scale propagation and conservation of D. indica.

    In vitro Propagation and Foliar Micromorphological Studies of Dillenia indica L.: An Underutilized Fruit Tree · 2026 · DOI

  • The need for a reliable and efficient method for cryopreservation of C. sativa axillary buds. The lack of optimization of the D-cryoplate technique for C. sativa.

    Optimization of the D-Cryoplate Technique for Cryopreservation of Cannabis sativa Axillary Buds · 2026 · DOI

  • The low natural ability of Picea pungens f. glauca cuttings to form roots without the use of rhizogenesis stimulators is a significant gap. The need to develop effective strategies for stimulating rhizogenesis and improving rooting technologies in ornamental horticulture and forestry is another gap.

    Influence of clonex and indole-3-butyric acid on the rhizogenesis of Picea pungens f. glauca cuttings · 2026 · DOI

  • The study addresses the need for a temporal analysis of PEM development in sugi embryogenic lines. The study seeks to identify practical benchmarks for synchronizing embryo development and timing maturation treatments in sugi SE pipelines, which is a gap in current protocols.

    Temporal morphological characterization of embryogenic cultures of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica, Japanese cedar) · 2026 · DOI

  • The need for an optimized protocol for tissue culture propagation of embryo rescue in wheat. The lack of knowledge on genotypic differences in callus induction performance.

    PROTOCOL OPTIMIZATION FOR EMBRYO RESCUE: IMMATURE EMBRYO CULTURE OF WHEAT AND VARIETAL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS FOR CALLUS INDUCTION · 2026 · DOI

  • Fine roots are commonly defined using a diameter threshold of ≤ 2 mm, although this criterion varies widely among studies and is often not explicitly reported.

    Physiological maturation and hormonal profiles associated with rooting performance and root system architecture of leafy cuttings in Prunus subhirtella ‘Autumnalis’ · 2026 · DOI

  • The slow growth and limited distribution of B. purpurea. The difficulty in rooting and acclimating in vitro-propagated plants.

    Development of an in vitro propagation system for the desiccation-tolerant Barbacenia purpurea · 2026 · DOI

  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms of desiccation tolerance in B. purpurea.

    Development of an in vitro propagation system for the desiccation-tolerant Barbacenia purpurea · 2026 · DOI

  • To investigate the cryopreservation of other woody species using the developed protocol. To optimize the protocol for large-scale application. To study the long-term storage and recovery of cryopreserved sycamore maple shoot tips.

    First successful vitrification-based cryopreservation of in vitro shoot tips of Sycamore Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.): Influence of explant size, hardening, and pre-culture · 2026 · DOI

  • The rooting rate remained relatively low for effective root induction. The study does not report on the long-term survival and growth of the micropropagated plants.

    Optimised in vitro propagation protocol for the avocado rootstock ‘Duke 7’ ( Persea americana Mill.): Sterilisation, proliferation and rooting · 2026 · DOI

  • To investigate the effect of different concentrations of TDZ, BAP, and Kin on shoot induction in other hemp varieties. To determine the optimum medium for rooting in other hemp varieties. To develop a protocol for the genetic transformation of C. sativa using the developed regeneration and micropropagation protocol.

    Efficient in vitro Micropropagation of Hemp (Cannabis sativa) genotype · 2026 · DOI

  • The study only analyzed two weeping forsythia genotypes, - The study was conducted in a laboratory setting, - The sample size was limited to three biological…

    Integrated morphological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic profiling reveals differential development mechanisms in two weeping forsythia genotypes during tissue culture · 2026 · DOI

  • Lack of understanding of the mechanism of differential development in weeping forsythia genotypes during tissue culture, - Limited knowledge of the genetic and metabolic factors influencing the growth and development of weeping…

    Integrated morphological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic profiling reveals differential development mechanisms in two weeping forsythia genotypes during tissue culture · 2026 · DOI

  • Investigation of the long-term effects of pingyangmycin on litchi plants. Comparison of the effectiveness of pingyangmycin with other mutagens. Application of the pingyangmycin-induced mutagenesis system to other fruit crops.

    Establishment of an in vitro pingyangmycin-induced mutagenesis system for litchi via embryogenic callus regeneration · 2026 · DOI

  • Further study on the molecular mechanism of the shoot formation process, - Exploration of the potential of SWNTs-mediated DNA delivery in other plant species, - Investigation of the effects of PeBBM2 and PeWUS genes on plant growth…

    Overexpression of PeBBM2 and PeWUS Genes via Carbon Nanotube-Based DNA Delivery Enhances the Callus and Shoot Formation in Phyllostachys edulis · 2026 · DOI

  • To apply the optimized medium composition to other species of ferns with potential ornamental and medicinal uses. To evaluate the effects of other plant growth regulators on green globular body proliferation and plantlet regeneration.

    Induction of Green Globular Bodies and Plantlet Regeneration in Adiantum trapeziforme · 2026 · DOI

  • Further studies on the optimization of in vitro propagation conditions for D. indica. Investigations on the genetic stability of in vitro-propagated D. indica plants. Studies on the application of in vitro-propagated D. indica plants in medicinal and nutritional products.

    In vitro Propagation and Foliar Micromorphological Studies of Dillenia indica L.: An Underutilized Fruit Tree · 2026 · DOI

Most-cited papers in Plant tissue culture and regeneration

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Open questions raised by papers listed on this page include: (1) There is a need to develop an efficient in vitro regeneration system for pigeonpea (“High Frequency Induction of Callus from Seedling Explants of Pigeonpea”, 2026); (2) The lack of a reproducible vitrification-based cryopreservation protocol for sycamore maple shoot tips (“First successful vitrification-based cryopreservation of in vitro shoot tips of…”, 2026); (3) There is a need for improved control of embryo maturation and synchronization of developmental stages (“Biotechnology of meliaceae: Micropropagation, somatic embryogenesis, and…”, 2026); (4) The molecular mechanisms governing foreign DNA uptake and stable genomic integration in wheat remain poorly understood, and the genotype-specific regulatory determinants involved have yet to be defined (“Molecular regulators of regeneration and strategies for overcoming…”, 2026); (5) The lack of effective and reliable propagation techniques hinders sustainable production in the avocado industry (“Optimised in vitro propagation protocol for the avocado rootstock ‘Duke 7’ (…”, 2026). 165 gap statements have been mined from Plant tissue culture and regeneration papers in our 4.5M-paper local library, which holds 1,175 papers on the topic; the gaps come from whichever of those papers state one. They are mostly the research gaps the authors state and the papers' abstracts, plus future-work, limitations and challenges passages. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one, so you can read the original claim in context.

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