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Open research questions in S100 Proteins and Annexins

97 gap statements mined from S100 Proteins and Annexins papers in our 4.5M-paper local library, which holds 434 papers on the topic — drawn mostly from each paper's own stated research gap, future-work, challenge and limitation notes, and its abstract. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one.

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What the literature leaves open

  • This study was limited by a modest sample size of 60 participants, which reduced statistical power for mul- tivariate analyses and for adjustment for potential confounders.

    Potential of IP-10, EGFR, CK17 and ANXA1 as Non-Invasive Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma · 2026 · DOI

  • 1856788 Kaplan–Meier Plotter analyses suggest that POC1A may have prognostic relevance in breast cancer, its independent prognostic value at the protein level remains to be confirmed in larger, multicenter, and well-annotated clinical cohorts. Third, although Western blot analysis showed changes in Wnt/b-catenin signaling-related pro- teins, direct evidence of pathway activation remains lacking.

    POC1A promotes malignant phenotypes in non-triple-negative breast cancer cell models with EMT- and Wnt/β-catenin-related alterations · 2026 · DOI

  • However, whether PET/MRI provides additional benefit in borderline CAS cases (CAS 2–3) remains unclear because of the lim- ited sample size and requires validation in larger cohorts. Future studies incor- porating longitudinal treatment response, integrated clini- cal-imaging endpoints, or histopathological validation are warranted.

    Integrated 18F-NOTA-FAPI-04 PET/MRI for quantitative assessment of disease activity in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy · 2026 · DOI

  • As shown in Figure 6C, the blue curve representing the model was consistently above the “treat all” and “treat none” curves strong across most probability thresholds, demonstrating its the most SIMD is one of common and challenging complications in critical care, yet sensitive and reliable molecular markers for early identification remain lacking (20).

    Serum S100A12 in the clinical diagnosis of sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction: an integrated bioinformatics and clinical data analysis · 2025 · DOI

  • Although T cells are recognized as key contributors to IRI pathogenesis, the mechanisms governing their rapid activation and proliferation remain incompletely understood.

    ANXA1 and ARG2 drive T cell proliferation in ischemia-reperfusion injury: integrated bulk and single-cell transcriptomic analysis · 2025 · DOI

  • Methodological errors, such as measuring the total γγ and αγ enolase, both of which contain the γ subunit, result in contradictions and insufficient evidence to support the use of NSE for diagnostic and prognostic purposes.

    Neuron-Specific Enolase—What Are We Measuring? · 2024 · DOI

  • However, even though biomarkers have emerged as valuable tools in disease diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of the treatment response across various medical conditions, in the context of ischemic stroke, their clinical utility remains uncertain, primarily due to limitations in sensitivity, specificity, and the lack of validated predictive models.

    Current Trends in Stroke Biomarkers: The Prognostic Role of S100 Calcium-Binding Protein B and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein · 2024 · DOI

  • Therefore, the diagnostic efficacy of FC as a non-invasive biomarker for colorectal tumors remains inconclusive.

    Research progress on the diagnostic value of fecal calprotectin in colorectal tumors · 2025 · DOI

  • However, the under- lying mechanisms by which SVHRSP improves cognitive function in these mice remain unexplored.

    SVHRSP Alleviates Age-Related Cognitive Deficiency by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation · 2024 · DOI

  • We have studied the structure of ANXA11, an underexplored member of the annexin family.

    The structural properties of full-length annexin A11 · 2024 · DOI

  • However, the function and specific mechanisms of S100A10 in thyroid cancer remain poorly defined.

    RAN-S100A10-EGFR axis facilitates papillary thyroid cancer metastasis by PI3K/AKT signaling · 2026 · DOI

  • Acute-phase proteins (APPs), lung-associated markers (LMs) and TNF superfamily ligands play a crucial role in inflammatory and immune signaling; however, an integrated approach in understanding the inflammatory profile and their immunological association in TB-T2DM remains underexplored.

    Integrated Profiling of TNF Superfamily Ligands and Lung Inflammatory Markers in Tuberculosis-Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Comorbidity · 2026 · DOI

  • We characterise the gastrointestinal origin of these changes, and hypothesise a hitherto under-recognised role for sensing of changes in gastric pH on the plasma proteome.

    Tissue origins of the plasma proteomic response to glucose ingestion in humans · 2026 · DOI

  • Though, its involvement in the pathogenesis of HFpEF has not been studied before.

    The S100A8/A9-NLRP3 inflammasome axis in HFpEF development · 2026 · DOI

  • Hitherto, the precise mediators released by the ischemic myocardium post-MI, and the way by which these mediators fine tune molecular mechanisms further affecting the injured heart, blood vessels, and innate immune system remain poorly understood.

    S100A8/A9 induces an inflammatory and pro-oxidant memory in bone morrow-derived leukocytes in experimental myocardial infarction · 2026 · DOI

  • BACKGROUND: S100 calcium-binding protein A8/A9 (S100A8/A9) is a marker of innate immune activation and inflammation, but its value in predicting liver dysfunction in HBV-infected pregnant women remains unclear.

    Predictive value of serum S100A8/A9 for liver dysfunction in pregnant women with chronic hepatitis B · 2026 · DOI

  • Abstract S100A4, a calcium-binding protein, is crucial in smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic switch, yet its role in atherosclerotic plaque development and SMC plasticity remains unclear.

    Smooth muscle cell-specific deletion of S100A4 modifies murine atherosclerotic plaques composition · 2026 · DOI

  • Moreover, the mechanism of S100A4 release into the extracellular space is poorly understood(1).

    Alarmin protein S100a4 in atherosclerosis: dysregulated immune-vascular reactions · 2026 · DOI

  • However, the role of the immune-derived S100A4 pool is not well characterized in atherosclerosis.

    Alarmin protein S100a4 in atherosclerosis: dysregulated immune-vascular reactions · 2026 · DOI

  • However, their contribution to cardiac dysfunction warrants further investigation.

    Protein misfolding in stroke-heart syndrome: a molecular bridge between brain and heart · 2026 · DOI

  • The aberrant expression of S100A11 has been identified in various malignancies but its functional roles and underlying mechanisms in colorectal cancer (CRC) have not been fully elucidated.

    USP14/S100A11 axis promote colorectal cancer progression by inhibiting cell senescence · 2025 · DOI

  • The dual nature (promotion or inhibition) of S100A2 in different cancer types shows the complex involvement of its tumorigenesis, but its effect in ccRCC remains unclear.

    S100A2 promotes clear cell renal cell carcinoma tumor metastasis through regulating GLUT2 expression · 2025 · DOI

  • However, the local immune mediators promoting inflammation and subsequent fibrosis remain poorly understood.

    S100A8 / A9 Promotes Fibrosis in Iatrogenic Laryngotracheal Stenosis · 2025 · DOI

  • BACKGROUND: S100a9 protein participates in regulating mitochondrial damage during Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury(I/R), but its cell type-specific mechanisms remain unclear.

    Fufang Danshen Pill improves mitochondrial homeostasis by regulating the S100a9/TLR4 axis to alleviate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury · 2025 · DOI

  • BACKGROUND: The N-formyl peptide receptor family (FPRs) is implicated in the progression of diverse cancer types, yet studies specifically exploring their roles in breast cancer remain scarce.

    FPR3 orchestrates macrophage polarization in breast cancer: multi-omics dissection of prognostic relevance and therapeutic targeting · 2025 · DOI

Most-cited papers in S100 Proteins and Annexins

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97 gap statements have been mined from S100 Proteins and Annexins papers in our 4.5M-paper local library, which holds 434 papers on the topic; the gaps come from whichever of those papers state one. They are mostly the research gaps the authors state and the papers' abstracts, plus future-work, limitations and challenges passages. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one, so you can read the original claim in context.

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