Open research questions in Sports and Physical Education Research

What the literature leaves open

• The novelty of the study lies in measuring coaches' understanding of the latest official regulations for 2025–2028, which have not been widely studied in the context of regional coaching.

  Survei Tingkat Pemahaman Pelatih Bola Voli terhadap Peraturan Permainan Resmi Tahun 2025–2028 di Kabupaten Ngawi · 2026 · DOI

• These findings suggest that body composition may be more closely associated with cycling performance than general anthropometric measures; however, it is critical to note that a sample of only three athletes is insufficient for drawing generalizable conclusions, and these observations should be treated as individual case descriptions rather than empirical evidence.

  Descriptive analysis of anthropometric and body composition characteristics in youth cycling performance · 2026 · DOI

• Based on the results of the study and the linked conclusions, the researcher recommends the following: 1. Applying the proposed fun learning program to teach basic skills and motor abilities to junior football players due to its proven effectiveness. 2. Utilizing the fun learning program in teaching and training programs for basic skills and motor abili- ties in football. 3. Providing schools and clubs with the proposed preparatory games program. 4. Holding educational and awareness sessions for physical education teachers and football coaches about the importance of fun learning, especially for the grassroots and junior stages. 5. Paying attention to the characteristics and needs of junior players at this stage to develop suitable curricula that help them achieve balanced, comprehensive growth. 6. The fun learning program should be applied in other games.

  The effectiveness of a fun learning program on some basic skills and motor abilities for junior football players (11-12) years old · 2026 · DOI

• Based on the conclusions above, the researcher proposes the following: 1. Further development can be carried out by implementing and evaluating the effectiveness of the PjBL based Student Worksheet product to improve student learning outcomes in the basic manipulative movement pattern material for fourth grade elementary school students. 2. Future research can develop the Student Worksheet with other models, increasing the number of students and classes. REFERENCES 1) Asmara Andik., & Ma, H. (2024). Ubiquitous learning with online project scratch programming: Enhancing student engagement and developing problem solving skills. Jurnal Edukasi Elektro, 8(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21831/jee.v8i2.78719 2) Haryanto, H., Sutopo, S., & Widodo, W. (2022). Development of learning materials using validation and effectiveness testing in elementary education. Jurnal Pendidikan Dasar Indonesia, 7(2), 85–94. https://doi.org/https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id 3) Hidayah Nur, N. (2021). The effectiveness of teacher training in implementing learning innovations. Jurnal Inovasi 4) Pendidikan, 7.(3), 101–109. Iserbyt, P., Ward, P., & Li, W. (2024). Impact of environmental constraints on physical education teacher effectiveness: A systematic review. European Physical Education Review. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X231221145 5) Lynch, T., Soukup, G. J., & Luff, J. (2022). Physical education and curriculum design: Post-pandemic health and wellbeing. Journal of Health and Physical Education, 2(1), 15-32. 6) Prasetyo Andi, A & Lestari Dian, D. (2022). Dissemination of learning media to improve teacher performance in elementary schools. Jurnal Pendidikan Dasar, 13(1), 55–63. https://doi.org/https://ejournal.kemdikbud.go.id 7) Prastowo, A. (2015). Panduan kreatif membuat bahan ajar inovatif. Diva Press. 8) Sari, D. (2023). (). Development of LKPD to improve student engagement and learning outcomes in elementary education. Jurnal Pendidikan Dasar, 14(1), 67–75. https://doi.org/https://ejournal.kemdikbud.go.id 9) Sember, V., Morrison, S. A., Jurak, G., & Starc, G. (2023). School infrastructure and physical activity levels in children: A longitudinal study post-COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 3122. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043122 10) Varea, V., González Calvo, G., & García-Monge, A. (2022). Physical education and the post-pandemic curriculum: Exploring new pedagogical possibilities. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 27(6), 561. 11) https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2021.1911981 12) Wahyuni Sri, S., Sutrisno, & Hadi., P. (2023). Implementation and diffusion of innovative learning tools in elementary education. Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia, 12(2), 210–218.

  Development of Worksheet for Students (LKPD) with Project Based Learning (PjBL) in the Material of Manipulative Basic Moves Pattern for Improving the Learning Outcomes of Fourth Grade Students · 2026 · DOI

• Incorporate speed-strength training into the training program for students at Ahlulbayt University. 1. 2. Diversify the use of training exercises that combine strength and speed. 3. Conduct periodic tests to measure the level of speed-strength and observe the principle of progressive training load. 4. Conduct similar research on other samples and age groups. REFERENCES 1. Ahmed, B. (1999). Foundations and theories of sports training. Cairo, Egypt: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi. 2. Alawi, M. H. (1976). The science of sports training. Cairo, Egypt: Dar Al-Maaref. 3. Bora, H., & Dağlıoğlu, Ö. (2022). Effect of core strength training program on anaerobic power, speed and static balance in volleyball players. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 8(5). 4. Dao, T. C. (2025). The effectiveness of a specialized strength training regimen in enhancing explosive power among male collegiate volleyball athletes. Trends in Sport Sciences, 32(3). 5. Deepa, S., & Rajalakshmi, D. (2022). Consequence of plyometric training on speed and leg strength among volleyball players. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(S1), 14157–14160. 6. Farag, E. W. (1990). Volleyball: A guide for teachers, coaches, and players. Alexandria, Egypt: Al-Maaref Publishing. 7. Huang, H., Huang, W. Y., & Wu, C. E. (2023). The effect of plyometric training on the speed, agility, and 8. explosive strength performance in elite athletes. Applied Sciences, 13(6), 3605. Ikhlas, M., & Hussein, M. (2000). Scientific research methods and statistical analysis. Cairo, Egypt: The Book Center for Publishing. 9. Lubyshev, E. A., Titovsky, A. V., Bodrov, I. M., & Golubnichiy, S. P. (2020). Team sports and active games to improve speed-strength training of young volleyball players. Theory and Practice of Physical Culture, (9), 16– 18. 10. Muhammad, S. H., & Abdel Moneim, H. (1997). The scientific foundations of volleyball and methods of measurement: Physical, skill-based, cognitive, psychological, and educational. Cairo, Egypt: Rose Al-Youssef Press. 11. Yatskovets, A. S., Gabov, M. V., Ponimasov, O. E., & Shelkova, L. N. (2025). Use of special exercises to intensify speed and strength loads in the training of student volleyball teams. Theory and Practice of Physical Culture, (9), 15–17. © Author(s) 2026.

  THE EFFECT OF SPEED-STRENGTH TRAINING ON DEVELOPING LEG MOVEMENTS FOR VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS AT AHLULBAYT UNIVERSITY. · 2026 · DOI

• In light of the results of the study, the researcher recommends the following: 1. Conduct follow-up studies related to the level of knowledge management for different samples. 2. The necessity of using knowledge management in sports activity departments with the aim of improving the reality of sports in the School and Sports Activity Directorate. The need for the Directorate of School and Sports Activity to hold conferences, seminars, and courses to spread the concept of knowledge management, as well as how to develop performance and work on it in a broader and greater way to develop sports in the ministry.

  Knowledge and performance management of the work of technical supervisors in the sports activity department of education directorates in Iraq · 2024 · DOI

• The results of observations on 12-year-old SSB Kancilmas Karawang students during training, competing and skill tests conducted by SSB, the average player is still lacking in terms of shooting accuracy.

  The Influence of the Filanesian bBM (learn-Learn-Play) Method on the Shooting Accuracy Skills of SSB Players Kancil Mas Karawang Age 12 Years · 2023 · DOI

• During the study we found that this concept of muscle training in explosive force is not fully understood, the forms of response showed that it does not appear in training programs insofar as it can have a significant influence, implicitly neither coaches considers it a priority to increase the share of these software packages.

  Evaluation of the Jumping Training Program for the Development of Explosive Force in Handball Players · 2022 · DOI

• However, despite the 8-4-4 power mechanics secondary school graduates being better in comparison to others who had not taken the course, they were lacking in supervisory skills, creativity, mathematics, application of knowledge to practical situations, independence at work, innovativeness, and interpersonal skills.

  Voices of the stakeholders: A case of power mechanics in Kenya · 2003 · DOI

• Fourth, the norm-referenced benchmarks derived from this sample are population-specific and should be validated against larger, multi-regional cohorts before broad application in national-level selection programs.

  Standardization of Lower Limb explosive Power and VO₂max inVolleyball Athletes Aged 17–21 Years · 2026 · DOI

• The study does not investigate potential mechanisms explaining why resistance bands provide superior results compared to half squat jumps beyond stabilization and kinetic chain control.

  Impact of Half Squat Jumps and Resistance Band Exercises on High School Students' Basketball Shooting Accuracy · 2026 · DOI

• Future research could examine the impact of emerging digital communication platforms on team coordination and performance in futsal, particularly in mitigating barriers related to player absences.

  The Role of Group Communication Patterns in Toko Kecil Futsal Teams in Improving Sports Performance · 2026 · DOI

• Another common problem is insufficient attention to the functioning of the finger extensor muscles, which impedes the development of their dexterity and independence and causes wrist stiffness.

  Psychophysiological factors of effective development of piano technique of future music teachers · 2023 · DOI

• Future studies are needed to incorporate the physical component and other factors related to field hockey dribbling skills, as well as diversity, and a wider sample size.

  Effects of agility, coordination, and flexibility on dribbling skills in senior high school female field hockey players · 2023 · DOI

• In the light of new information, environmental, educational and production conditions, the problem of creating a health-promoting environment in a technical university appears to be rather important and needs to be studied in detail.

  Forming Competency in Health Promotion in Technical Specialists Using Physical Education · 2021 · DOI

Most-cited papers in Sports and Physical Education Research

• Application of the Educational Game to Enhance Student Learning · Frontiers in Education · 2021 · 100 citations
• Modern Approaches to Analysis of Technical and Tactical Actions of Skilled Volleyball Players · Physical Education Theory and Methodology · 2021 · 34 citations
• Improvement of Motor Skills and Motivation to Learn Physical Education Through the Use of Traditional Games · Physical Education Theory and Methodology · 2024 · 32 citations
• Does negotiation training improve negotiators' performance? · Journal of European Industrial Training · 2010 · 28 citations
• Mental Practice and Knowledge of Results in the Learning of a Perceptual Motor Skill · Journal of Sport Psychology · 1982 · 23 citations
• Volleyball Fundamental Movement Learning Model in Primary School · Physical Education Theory and Methodology · 2021 · 22 citations
• Analysis of Selected Physical Fitness, Physiological, and Psychological Variables among Government, Government-Aided, and Private School Boys in Chennai District · International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT) · 2024 · 21 citations
• The effect of circuit training on physical fitness and archery accuracy in novice athletes · Physical Activity Review · 2021 · 21 citations
• Management of Training Process of Team Sports Athletes During the Competition Period on the Basis of Programming (Football-Based) · Physical Education Theory and Methodology · 2021 · 19 citations
• The Effect of Manipulative Games to Improve Fundamental Motor Skills in Elementary School Students · International Journal of Education in Mathematics Science and Technology · 2021 · 18 citations

Most recent work

• Reaction Speed and Blocking Ability in Volleyball Extracurricular Participants at High School · ETDC Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review · 2026
• Impact of Half Squat Jumps and Resistance Band Exercises on High School Students' Basketball Shooting Accuracy · ETDC Indonesian Journal of Research and Educational Review · 2026
• The Role of Group Communication Patterns in Toko Kecil Futsal Teams in Improving Sports Performance · Asian Journal of Engineering, Social and Health · 2026
• <b>The Effectiveness of AI-Based Learning Media (AI REG) in Improving Rhythmic Gymnastics Activities among Students</b><b></b> · International Journal of Technology in Education and Science · 2026
• The Implementation of the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) Cooperative Learning Model to Improve Learning Outcomes in Physical Education and Health (PJOK) on the Relay Running Topic Among Students in Class X-5 at SMAN 1 Singaraja in the 2025/2026 Academic Year · Indonesian Journal for Physical Education and Sport · 2026
• Development and Effectiveness of a Reaction Light-Based Eye-Foot Coordination Training Module in Badminton Athletes · Indonesian Journal for Physical Education and Sport · 2026
• Standardization of Lower Limb explosive Power and VO₂max inVolleyball Athletes Aged 17–21 Years · INSPIREE: Indonesian Sport Innovation Review · 2026
• The effect of resistance band and complex training on strength, power, speed and agility of soccer players · Retos · 2026
• THE EFFECT OF SPEED-STRENGTH TRAINING ON DEVELOPING LEG MOVEMENTS FOR VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS AT AHLULBAYT UNIVERSITY. · International Journal of Advance Research in Education & Literature (ISSN 2208-2441) · 2026
• Analisis Aksi Jump Serve di Club Bola Voli LavAni dalam Kompetisi Proliga Tahun 2025 · SPRINTER: Jurnal Ilmu Olahraga · 2026

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