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Open research questions in Wildlife Conservation and Criminology Analyses

37 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 1,335 Wildlife Conservation and Criminology Analyses papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • 33 It remains to be seen how rigidly the tests mentioned in the ATT and the EU Council Common Position will be interpreted by courts when determining individual criminal responsibility.

    The Arms Industry and International Criminal Liability: Challenging the Status Quo? · 2026 · DOI

  • , 2004) contextualises this within broader cybercrime trends, while the role of cyber spiritualism in West African scams (Aransiola and Asindemade, 2011; Alhassan and Ridwan, 2023; Lazarus and Okolorie, 2019) highlights underexplored cultural influences. This reflects a unique cultural element in fraud tactics, warranting further study.

    Evolutionary fraud, the global scamming ecosystem and a typology of actors · 2026 · DOI

  • Although there is a growing body of scholarship that shows how injunctions are typically granted to favour businesses and the state (Pasternak and Ceric, 2023), the sentencing of individuals who violate injunctions is underexplored.

    AFTER THE INJUNCTION: THE ROLE OF THE COURTS IN POLICING INDIGENOUS RESISTANCE IN B.C. · 2025 · DOI

  • To meaningfully intervene, it is insufficient to advocate only for more robust individual death investigations, though this is pivotal to forensically identify UBC decedents and unite them with their loved ones.

    The Weight of Numbers: Counting Border Crossing Deaths and Policy Intent · 2024 · DOI

  • According to WWF’s last living planet index, one million species are risking extinction, leading to a need for a criminology that addresses the multifarious reasons for this situation, which to large degree is lacking.

    The dark side of nature conventions: A call to end anthropogenic wildlife destruction · 2023 · DOI

  • The present study addresses that gap in knowledge by examining the enforcement of two animal protection laws in the US that apply to nonwildlife animals: the Animal Welfare Act (AWA) and the Horse Protection Act (HPA).

    Cruelty against Animals’ Welfare (CAAW) Violations: a Study of Animal Welfare Act and Horse Welfare Act Enforcement Actions in the US, 2010–2014 · 2021 · DOI

  • Nonetheless, the interplay of these sanctions regimes with international criminal law has developed in specificity and authority and thus warrants investigation.

    Criminalizing Corporate Actors for Exploitation of Natural Resources in Armed Conflict · 2018 · DOI

  • The CRAVED model has yet to be applied to the trafficking stage of hot products smuggled between illicit markets and, therefore, its applicability at this particular stage remains unknown.

    Understanding parrot trafficking between illicit markets in Bolivia: an application of the CRAVED model · 2015 · DOI

  • The interviews were conducted by Tsepo Phasha, Patson Phala and myself or by two of us, usually in Sepedi, in personal, face‐to‐face interviews based on a Sepedi questionnaire with 45 closed and open questions, which would typically take 1 to 2 hours and have been translated to English by the interviewers.

    Vigilantism or alternative citizenship? The rise of<i>Mapogo a Mathamaga</i> · 2004 · DOI

  • the questionnaire asked, "In your own words, what pen alty do you think should be imposed on the person who stole your car if he is caught?" Responses to this item varied widely between the extremes of recom mending flogging the offender or even cutting off his hands (!) to the com paratively mild penalty of licence suspension or placement on a bond.

    The Victims of Car Stealing · 1974 · DOI

  • In the course of the coming development a concentration of the population in large communities might be ex- pected, just as the new legal system to a larger extent than previously would imply that persons lacking knowledge of local conditions would take part in the ad- ministration of justice.

    The Greenland Criminal Code and its Sociological Background · 1956 · DOI

  • In addition, to secure evidence of the violation of the laws against prostitution, gambling and is maintained a t police headquarters, under the charge of a deputy chief in- spector, a large squad of men similarly detailed but who, operating throughout the entire length and breadth of the city, are not limited by arbitrary di- visions of territory.

    Cleaning up New York · 1923 · DOI

  • Our analysis reveals that among the four types of harms of killing that should be considered once we recognize the inherent worth and wellbeing of sentient animals, most are insufficiently regulated in Swiss laws and guidelines.

    How ignoring the harm of killing undermines the ethical legitimacy of animal research: a case study from Switzerland · 2026 · DOI

  • The study concludes that existing reactive legal protections, such as the Protected Disclosures Act, are insufficient to counter these proactive structural assaults.

    The Apple, the Orchard, and the Syndicate: A critical victimology analysis of administrative sabotage in Policing · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research should examine how ecological justice is applied in actual environmental cases by involving judges, prosecutors, environmental officials, corporate compliance officers, experts, and affected communities.

    Reconstructing Corporate Environmental Sanctions through Ecological Justice in Indonesia · 2026 · DOI

  • We ultimately aim to demonstrate that the options used to combat illegal fishing set out in national fisheries legislation are not limited to a single type of enforcement approach.

    Enforcement approaches against illegal fishing in national fisheries legislation · 2023 · DOI

  • We found limited evidence that victims participated meaningfully in any way in their respective legal cases, and we observed several deficiencies in delivering amends, especially regarding compensation for victims in both cases.

    Restorative Justice in Cases of Seafood Slavery · 2022 · DOI

  • The national park director’s legal status (including his/her position in the system of administering entities) is not clearly defined by the legislator and therefore, raises doubts.

    REGARDING THE ACTIVITY OF A NATIONAL PARK DIRECTOR IN ENSURING THE SAFETY OF TOURISTS VISITING NATIONAL PARK AREAS · 2021 · DOI

  • This paper traces the underexplored consequences of ‘nuisance wildlife’ removal laws in the ‘no kill’ era of TNR-only programmes in Miami.

    Incongruous killing: cats, nonhuman resistance, and precarious life beyond biopolitical techniques of making-live · 2019 · DOI

  • Then, some reflections on the current forms of the relationship between environment and “Crime” will be provided and some open questions on the recent concept of “environmental crime” will be raised.

    Organisms and Environments as Combined Systems · 2019 · DOI

  • A handful of published examples employ data from the United States or the Flanders court system, and little is known about how other nations punish environmental violations.

    Environmental crime prosecutions in Ireland, 2004–2014 · 2019 · DOI

  • While this finding supports the idea that animal abuse might be a warning sign for a small but deadly minority of mostly youthful offenders, it is likely not a robust signal of future shooters in general because animal abuse is rarely reported in this population of offenders at large.

    Harming animals and massacring humans: Characteristics of public mass and active shooters who abused animals · 2018 · DOI

  • This article therefore examines the investigative techniques used in the investigation of farm attacks and suggests that the little known Tracking Unit is a significant factor in the successes achieved to date.

    PLOUGHING IN RESOURCES: The investigation of farm attacks · 2016 · DOI

  • The proposed study focuses on an understudied research area at the intersection between organized crime and environmental crimes, and offers a trans-comparative study of illegal soil and sand mining conducted by Indian and Italian organized crime groups with two main objectives.

    Organization, operations, and success of environmental organized crime in Italy and India: A comparative analysis · 2016 · DOI

  • Furthermore, studies that have examined wildlife law enforcement in other settings, including African countries, have primarily focused on quantifying the effectiveness of patrol activities, but little is known about actual patrol activities.

    “We Fight against Wrong Doers”: Law Enforcement Rangers’ Roles, Responsibilities, and Patrol Operations in Uganda · 2016 · DOI

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37 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 1,335 Wildlife Conservation and Criminology Analyses papers in our library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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