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Open research questions in Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases

145 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 449 Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • further studies sampling the same patients at multiple follow-up time points to address complex temporal patterns in the resolution of the inflammation

    Rapid and long-lasting remodelling of the blood transcriptome following bariatric surgery · 2026 · DOI

  • The early molecular changes induced by bariatric surgery are unknown. Prior studies have examined the effects of bariatric surgery on inflammation and metabolic outcomes, but have typically sampled operated patients at a later time point. The effects of bariatric surgery itself, separate from the effects of major weight loss, are not well understood.

    Rapid and long-lasting remodelling of the blood transcriptome following bariatric surgery · 2026 · DOI

  • Small sample size (n=75). Cross-sectional study design. Lack of longitudinal data.

    The obesity paradox in primary Sjögren’s disease: immunometabolic associations of chemerin, platelet count, and statin use · 2026 · DOI

  • Investigate the mechanisms underlying the association between chemerin and BMI. Examine the relationship between chemerin and disease activity in larger cohorts. Explore the potential therapeutic implications of chemerin in Sjögren's disease.

    The obesity paradox in primary Sjögren’s disease: immunometabolic associations of chemerin, platelet count, and statin use · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a need to understand the molecular mechanisms that link obesity-associated inflammation to carcinogenesis. The current therapeutic strategies against inflammation are limited. There is a gap in the development of precise preventive and therapeutic approaches for obesity-associated inflammation and tumorigenesis.

    Obesity-associated inflammation and cancer: molecular mechanisms, evidence gaps, and therapeutic opportunities · 2026 · DOI

  • Longitudinal and mechanistic studies to determine whether cytokine profiling could be used as an early diagnostic or prognostic tool - Comprehensive population-based studies to clarify the precise role of IL-18 in the pathogenesis of obesity and T2D - Research to clarify the mechanism of IL-36

    Obesity and type 2 diabetes as chronic inflammation: how does the cytokine evidence align? · 2026 · DOI

  • The silent character of atherosclerosis, making it difficult to detect and treat. The complexity of the interactions and overlapping pathways that converge within and modulate CRP, mCRP, and associated pathophysiology. The need for accurate assessment and prediction of plaque instability or disruption.

    The Pathogenic Role of C-Reactive Protein in Diabetes-Linked Unstable Atherosclerosis · 2025 · DOI

  • The need for a better understanding of the distinct and potent pro-inflammatory role of mCRP. The lack of targeted interventions that disrupt the mCRP-[AGE-RAGE] inflammatory cycle. The necessity to explore the interactions and overlapping pathways that converge within and modulate CRP, mCRP, and associated pathophysiology.

    The Pathogenic Role of C-Reactive Protein in Diabetes-Linked Unstable Atherosclerosis · 2025 · DOI

  • Inconsistent results have been reported for certain chronic inflammatory diseases. Limited data are available on rare chronic inflammatory diseases. Sex and racial differences in the association between obesity and chronic inflammatory diseases are not well understood.

    Large-scale analysis highlights obesity as a risk factor for chronic, non-communicable inflammatory diseases · 2025 · DOI

  • Further research is needed to establish the causal relationship between hs-CRP/HDL-C ratio and T2DM - Studies should investigate the potential mechanisms by which the hs-CRP/HDL-C ratio influences T2DM risk - Research should focus on identifying modifiable risk factors for T2DM to improve prevention efforts

    Association between hs-CRP/HDL with type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged and elderly people: a cross-sectional study from CHARLS · 2025 · DOI

  • Research into the relationship between the hs-CRP/HDL ratio and type 2 diabetes mellitus is scarce. There is a need to identify modifiable risk factors for T2DM to improve prevention efforts and optimize self-management strategies.

    Association between hs-CRP/HDL with type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged and elderly people: a cross-sectional study from CHARLS · 2025 · DOI

  • The study has a cross-sectional design. The sample size is limited to 322 individuals. The study only included Asian Indian T2D individuals. The study excluded individuals receiving certain medications.

    Adipose tissue quantity, distribution and pathology and its relationship with type-2 diabetes, insulin resistance and other clustering disease risk in South Asians: a cross-sectional study · 2025 · DOI

  • Investigate the relationship between adipose tissue pathology and T2D, IR, and MetS in other populations. Examine the effects of interventions on adipose tissue pathology and metabolic risk. Explore the molecular mechanisms underlying adipose tissue dysfunction in T2D.

    Adipose tissue quantity, distribution and pathology and its relationship with type-2 diabetes, insulin resistance and other clustering disease risk in South Asians: a cross-sectional study · 2025 · DOI

  • The study notes the complexity of interactions among innate immunity, adaptive immune suppression, and prothrombotic states. The study identifies the challenge of examining nonlinear longitudinal associations. The study references the need to consider the role of hypertension and diabetes in the association of SII and SIRI with cardiovascular disease incidence.

    Association of SII and SIRI with incidence of cardiovascular disease in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: a prospective cohort study · 2025 · DOI

  • Further research is needed to understand the complex interplay between hematological parameters and the risk of developing MHO, - Potential targets for future research and clinical interventions include hematological markers

    The association between white blood cell counts and metabolic health obesity among US adults · 2025 · DOI

  • One challenge is the complexity of the relationship between adipokines and osteoarthritis, particularly in relation to differences between genders. Another challenge is the limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the association between adipokines and osteoarthritis. A further challenge is the need for more research on the potential therapeutic applications of adipokines in the treatment of osteoarthritis.

    The Role of Adipokines between Genders in the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis · 2024 · DOI

  • There is a lack of understanding of the role of adipokines in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis, particularly in relation to differences between genders. The review aims to address this gap by examining the current literature on adipokines and osteoarthritis.

    The Role of Adipokines between Genders in the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis · 2024 · DOI

  • Inflammation is a key driver of cardiometabolic disease, yet it remains unclear whether systemic inflammatory markers can distinguish metabolically healthy from unhealthy individuals or capture the temporal dynamics of inflammation.

    Dynamic Responses to an Inflammatory Challenge Distinguish Metabolic Health Across Lean and Obese Individuals · 2026 · DOI

  • While majority of cytokines are frequently elevated in both conditions, their predictive value remains unclear.

    Obesity and type 2 diabetes as chronic inflammation: how does the cytokine evidence align? · 2026 · DOI

  • Yet, several knowledge gaps remain: For several CIDs, inconsistent results have been reported, relating to their obesity-imposed risk, data on most rare CIDs remain unavailable, sex differences and racial disparities remain mostly unaddressed.

    Large-scale analysis highlights obesity as a risk factor for chronic, non-communicable inflammatory diseases · 2025 · DOI

  • However, their joint impact on CVD risk and the underlying mediation mechanisms remain unclear.

    Association of the atherogenic index of plasma and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein with incident cardiovascular disease: evidence from a national cohort of middle-aged and older Chinese adults · 2025 · DOI

  • Background The relationship between systemic immune-inflammation biomarkers, the Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII) and the Systemic Inflammation Response Index (SIRI), and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome remains unclear.

    Association of SII and SIRI with incidence of cardiovascular disease in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: a prospective cohort study · 2025 · DOI

  • Background The correlation between white cell count and metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) remains elusive among obese American adults.

    The association between white blood cell counts and metabolic health obesity among US adults · 2025 · DOI

  • Background & aims: Obesity is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis, though recent evidence shows conflicting results.

    “Obesity, metabolic abnormalities and low-grade inflammation: differential associations with subclinical atherosclerosis” · 2025 · DOI

  • These preliminary results provide fertile ground for further research of potential targets for patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease.

    Transcriptomic signatures of subcutaneous adipose tissue in patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease: a pilot study · 2025 · DOI

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145 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 449 Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases papers in our library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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