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Open research questions in Breast Lesions and Carcinomas

234 gap statements mined from Breast Lesions and Carcinomas papers in our 7.9M-paper local library, which holds 1,380 papers on the topic — drawn mostly from each paper's own stated research gap, future-work, challenge and limitation notes, and its abstract. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one.

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What the literature leaves open

  • There is no consensus regarding the optimal treatment for GLM. Current treatments have high recurrence rates. The efficacy of adalimumab as first-line therapy for GLM remains unclear.

    Efficacy and safety of adalimumab as first-line therapy for treatment-naïve granulomatous lobular mastitis: an exploratory real-world study with propensity score-matching analysis · 2026 · DOI

  • A difference in the diagnostic criteria of ILC-TE was that a positive P-cadherin IHC of TEs was required in the German series, and was lacking from the present one.

    Tubular elements in lymph node metastases from lobular carcinomas with or without tubule formation · 2026 · DOI

  • As GLM involving accessory breast tissue is rare and high-quality evidence remains limited, treatment strategies should be individualized according to disease severity, lesion extent, patient characteristics, and patient preferences. Further clinical studies are warranted to establish evidence-based diagnostic criteria and standardized treatment recommendations for GLM involving accessory breast tissue.

    Granulomatous lobular mastitis involving accessory breast tissue: a case report and review of the literature · 2026 · DOI

  • Distinguishing among papillary lesions of the breast can be challenging, particularly in limited biopsy specimens. The radiological appearances of intraductal papillomas are variable and may overlap with those of atypical and malignant papillary lesions. The study faces challenges in synthesizing evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses with varying methodological quality.

    Malignant upgrade risk and risk-stratified management of breast intraductal papilloma after percutaneous biopsy: an umbrella review · 2026 · DOI

  • Future prospective investigations with systematic recurrence surveillance are warranted to refine surgical decision-making in this rare and challenging malignancy.

    Breast‑conserving therapy versus mastectomy in malignant phyllodes tumor of the breast: a propensity score-matched survival analysis and prognostic nomogram · 2026 · DOI

  • This distinction became less clear when supraclavicular recurrence and pulmonary metastases subsequently developed, as the available tissue and imaging findings were insufficient to determine which primary tumor had given rise to the later disease.

    Synchronous Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma with Mesenchymal Differentiation and Triple-Negative Invasive Papillary Carcinoma: A Case Report and Literature Review · 2026 · DOI

  • The clinical significance of intraductal lesions detected as primary findings on screening breast ultrasound (US) remains unclear.

    Retroareolar Intraductal Lesions Detected by Screening Ultrasound in Dense Breasts: Malignancy Rate and Predictive Imaging Features · 2026 · DOI

  • Distant metastasis has not been reported in benign PTs and is exceptional in borderline tumors.

    Management of Breast Phyllodes Tumors: A Grade-Stratified Surgical and Reconstructive Strategy · 2026 · DOI

  • These findings support its potential utility in clinical decision-making, although external validation in independent cohorts is warranted to confirm generalizability.

    Development and Validation of a Combined 2D-US and CDUS Nomogram for Differentiating Benign and Malignant Breast Masses: A Retrospective Study · 2026 · DOI

  • Bilateral involvement occurs in approximately one fifth of patients, but whether synchronous bilateral PCM reflects more extensive local disease or a systemic immunoendocrine phenotype remains unclear.

    Prolactin-Linked Plasma Cell–Macrophage Immune Phenotype in Synchronous Bilateral Plasma Cell Mastitis: A Two-Center Prediction Study with Tissue Correspondence · 2026 · DOI

  • Non-lactational Mastitis of Accessory Breast (NLM-AB) is a rare condition with limited research, leading to diagnostic challenges.

    Clinical Characteristics of Non-Lactational Mastitis of Accessory Breast: A Case-Series Study · 2025 · DOI

  • A modified Delphi approach will establish expert consensus where evidence is lacking.

    Protocol for Establishing National Guidance for Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis (ENIGMA) · 2025 · DOI

  • The pathophysiology of IGM remains unclear, with theorized aetiologies ranging from infectious, autoimmune, and hormonal to traumatic causes3.

    Protocol for Establishing National Guidance for Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis (ENIGMA) · 2025 · DOI

  • The role of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) in improving local control remains unclear.

    Effects of radiotherapy in borderline and malignant phyllodes tumors after R0 resection: a propensity score analysis · 2025 · DOI

  • The lack of validated serological biomarkers for personalized surveillance strategies in benign breast hyperplasia. The need for a prognostic biomarker to predict radiological regression.

    Predicting radiological regression in benign breast hyperplasia: the prolactin-to-estradiol ratio as a prognostic biomarker · 2026 · DOI

  • The 5.3% loss to follow-up was not fully characterized in terms of baseline characteristics, outcome status, or patterns. Future studies must conduct and report detailed missing data analysis for the prolactin-to-estradiol ratio cohort, including sensitivity analyses comparing completers versus non-completers to assess potential bias in radiological regression prediction.

    Predicting radiological regression in benign breast hyperplasia: the prolactin-to-estradiol ratio as a prognostic biomarker · 2026 · DOI

  • Triennial compared to biennial screening suggests the latter provides more benefits but also some additional harms, namely increased interval cancers.

    A comparison of tumour characteristics of screen-detected and interval cancers and their relationship with breast density and AJCC prognostic stage in a UK screening cohort · 2026 · DOI

  • It is designed for use when conventional ultrasound findings are equivocal—not to replace the sonographer's judgment, but to provide a quantitative reference for decision-making.

    Development and internal validation of a multimodal ultrasound and Radiomics‑Based nomogram for differentiating granulomatous lobular mastitis from invasive ductal carcinoma · 2026 · DOI

  • CNGM involving accessory breast tissue is exceptionally uncommon and has only rarely been reported.

    Cystic Neutrophilic Granulomatous Mastitis in Accessory Breast Tissue: A Case Report · 2026 · DOI

  • Its clinical and demographic characteristics are poorly defined, and it is often confused with non-lactational mastitis (NLM), hindering effective diagnosis and treatment.

    Clinical Characteristics of Non-Lactational Mastitis of Accessory Breast: A Case-Series Study · 2025 · DOI

  • The effect size (Hodges-Lehmann location difference) and its bootstrap 95% CI are provided in Supplementary table S2 (with both two-sided p values and FDR-adjusted *q* values reported) HIF-1α in breast apocrine carcinoma is relatively scarce.

    Clinicopathological observation and initial exploration of characteristic biomarkers in breast apocrine carcinoma · 2026 · DOI

  • Small sample size, - Retrospective nature of the study, - Limited follow-up duration, - No information available on the severity grades of adverse…

    Efficacy and safety of adalimumab as first-line therapy for treatment-naïve granulomatous lobular mastitis: an exploratory real-world study with propensity score-matching analysis · 2026 · DOI

  • Future studies with multicenter, large-scale, and prospective designs, integrating molecular features with histopathological and clinical parameters, are warranted to further refine…

    The impact of different pathological diagnostic criteria on the prognosis of malignant phyllodes tumors of the breast · 2026 · DOI

  • This article underlines the importance of further research into improving the diagnostic accuracy and refining treatment algorithms for B3 lesions.

    Navigating the Uncertainty of B3 Breast Lesions: Diagnostic Challenges and Evolving Management Strategies · 2025 · DOI

  • There was no consensus regarding the indication of pre-NAC histologically positive lymph node marking…

    Breast and axillary marking in the neoadjuvant setting: survey results from experts of the Brazilian society of mastology · 2024 · DOI

Most-cited papers in Breast Lesions and Carcinomas

Most recent work

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Open questions raised by papers listed on this page include: (1) There is no consensus regarding the optimal treatment for GLM (“Efficacy and safety of adalimumab as first-line therapy for treatment-naïve…”, 2026); (2) As GLM involving accessory breast tissue is rare and high-quality evidence remains limited, treatment strategies should be individualized according to disease severity, lesion extent, patient characteristics, and patient preferences (“Granulomatous lobular mastitis involving accessory breast tissue: a case report…”, 2026); (3) Future prospective investigations with systematic recurrence surveillance are warranted to refine surgical decision-making in this rare and challenging malignancy (“Breast‑conserving therapy versus mastectomy in malignant phyllodes tumor of the…”, 2026); (4) These findings support its potential utility in clinical decision-making, although external validation in independent cohorts is warranted to confirm generalizability (“Development and Validation of a Combined 2D-US and CDUS Nomogram for…”, 2026); (5) Bilateral involvement occurs in approximately one fifth of patients, but whether synchronous bilateral PCM reflects more extensive local disease or a systemic immunoendocrine phenotype remains unclear (“Prolactin-Linked Plasma Cell–Macrophage Immune Phenotype in Synchronous…”, 2026). 234 gap statements have been mined from Breast Lesions and Carcinomas papers in our 7.9M-paper local library, which holds 1,380 papers on the topic; the gaps come from whichever of those papers state one. They are mostly the research gaps the authors state and the papers' abstracts, plus future-work, limitations and challenges passages. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one, so you can read the original claim in context.

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