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Open research questions in Breast Lesions and Carcinomas

113 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 427 Breast Lesions and Carcinomas papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • CONCLUSIONS: While the management of common breast cancers has become increasingly sophisticated, rare subtypes continue to pose challenges due to limited research and small patient populations.

    Rare Breast Cancers Review · 2024 · DOI

  • Future research should focus on clinical trials and collaborative efforts to refine treatment strategies and improve outcomes for these rare subtypes.

    Rare Breast Cancers Review · 2024 · DOI

  • CONCLUSIONS: Current IGM treatment evidence is limited, based on case reports and small series.

    Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis as a Benign Condition Mimicking Inflammatory Breast Cancer: Current Status, Knowledge Gaps and Rationale for the GRAMAREG Study (EUBREAST-15) · 2024 · DOI

  • Steroid responses suggest an autoimmune component, though specific markers are lacking.

    Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis as a Benign Condition Mimicking Inflammatory Breast Cancer: Current Status, Knowledge Gaps and Rationale for the GRAMAREG Study (EUBREAST-15) · 2024 · DOI

  • The clinical and pathological features of apocrine carcinoma are not well understood. The molecular mechanisms underlying apocrine carcinoma are not well understood.

    Clinicopathological observation and initial exploration of characteristic biomarkers in breast apocrine carcinoma · 2026 · DOI

  • The effect size (Hodges-Lehmann location difference) and its bootstrap 95% CI are provided in Supplementary table S2 (with both two-sided p values and FDR-adjusted *q* values reported) HIF-1α in breast apocrine carcinoma is relatively scarce.

    Clinicopathological observation and initial exploration of characteristic biomarkers in breast apocrine carcinoma · 2026 · DOI

  • The lack of validated serological biomarkers for personalized surveillance strategies in benign breast hyperplasia. The need for a prognostic biomarker to predict radiological regression.

    Predicting radiological regression in benign breast hyperplasia: the prolactin-to-estradiol ratio as a prognostic biomarker · 2026 · DOI

  • The 5.3% loss to follow-up was not fully characterized in terms of baseline characteristics, outcome status, or patterns. Future studies must conduct and report detailed missing data analysis for the prolactin-to-estradiol ratio cohort, including sensitivity analyses comparing completers versus non-completers to assess potential bias in radiological regression prediction.

    Predicting radiological regression in benign breast hyperplasia: the prolactin-to-estradiol ratio as a prognostic biomarker · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a lack of awareness about breast diseases in developing countries. Delayed presentation and lack of screening facilities contribute to poor disease outcomes.

    Clinico-epidemiological Study of Female Breast Diseases in a Tertiary Care Center of South-Eastern Rajasthan · 2026 · DOI

  • Further accumulation of well-documented cases is necessary to define optimal treatment strategies for HER2-positive pure mucinous breast carcinoma. Studies should investigate the potential for discordance between radiologic and pathologic findings in this rare subtype.

    Therapeutic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-positive pure mucinous breast cancer: a case report · 2026 · DOI

  • Limited evidence is available on the response to neoadjuvant systemic therapy in HER2-positive pure mucinous breast carcinoma. The rarity of this subtype makes it difficult to accumulate large numbers of cases for study.

    Therapeutic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-positive pure mucinous breast cancer: a case report · 2026 · DOI

  • The rarity of the disease, which makes it difficult to conduct large-scale studies. The lack of defined management guidelines. The need for early diagnosis and treatment.

    An Unusual Destination: Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Arising in the Breast, an Uncommon and Aggressive Entity · 2026 · DOI

  • The lack of defined management guidelines for neuroendocrine-differentiated breast carcinoma. The limited number of reported cases of this disease. The need for further research on the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

    An Unusual Destination: Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Arising in the Breast, an Uncommon and Aggressive Entity · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a lack of reports on treatment outcomes for pregnancy-associated breast cancer in patients with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome. The optimal timing for performing risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in BRCA1 variant carriers is still unclear.

    Case Report: A case of a pregnancy-associated breast cancer patient with a pathogenic variant in BRCA1 who underwent staged risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy and contralateral risk-reducing mastectomy · 2026 · DOI

  • The exact etiology and pathogenesis of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the breast remain unclear. There is a need for further studies on the diagnosis and treatment of this rare disease. The paper highlights the importance of thorough clinical workup and histopathological evaluation in patients presenting with long-standing breast lumps.

    PRIMARY SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE BREAST: A DIAGNOSTIC ENIGMA · 2026 · DOI

  • The molecular basis of apocrine morphology remains unclear. The relevance of apocrine morphology in ER-positive breast cancer has not been systematically examined.

    The clinical relevance of apocrine morphology in breast cancer depends on the estrogen receptor status · 2026 · DOI

  • The review is based on existing literature and does not provide new primary data. The search was limited to English and Chinese literature. The review does not provide a quantitative meta-analysis of the included studies.

    Plasma cell mastitis: a comprehensive review of etiological advances and future directions · 2026 · DOI

  • The exact cause of PCM remains clinically challenging. The role of microbial factors in the pathogenesis of PCM is controversial. There is a lack of standardized treatment methods for PCM.

    Plasma cell mastitis: a comprehensive review of etiological advances and future directions · 2026 · DOI

  • Whether the immunohistochemical (IHC) phenotype of breast cancer is associated with the anatomical site of metastasis has been characterized mainly in high-income, registry-based populations, while data from ecologically stressed and medically under-served regions such as the Lower Aral Sea basin are lacking.

    Immunohistochemical phenotype is associated with metastatic site in breast cancer: a retrospective pathomorphological study of women from the Lower Aral Sea region, Uzbekistan · 2026 · DOI

  • Diagnostic and screening limitations in resource-limited settings. Lack of mammography and other diagnostic infrastructure in Somalia. Limited access to healthcare services and specialized care in Somalia.

    Breast Lesions and Cancer Staging in Somalia: A Five-Year Retrospective Study · 2026 · DOI

  • The study is limited to a single tertiary hospital in Somalia, which may not be representative of the entire country. The study's sample size is relatively small, with 234 patient records analyzed. The lack of mammography and other diagnostic infrastructure in Somalia may have impacted the study's findings.

    Breast Lesions and Cancer Staging in Somalia: A Five-Year Retrospective Study · 2026 · DOI

  • Future studies should integrate considerations of technological innovation, clinical decision-making, cost-effectiveness, and environmental responsibility. Subgroup analyses should distinguish between early and recent CNB studies.

    Vacuum-assisted breast biopsy vs core needle biopsy for breast tumour diagnosis · 2026 · DOI

  • The comparison between VABB and CNB is not well-established. The environmental impact of VABB is not well-studied.

    Vacuum-assisted breast biopsy vs core needle biopsy for breast tumour diagnosis · 2026 · DOI

  • Diagnostic challenges due to potential differences in tumor biology and histology. Therapeutic challenges due to the need for individualized treatment planning.

    Synchronous bilateral breast malignancies: Diagnostic implications of histologic diversity · 2026 · DOI

  • The lack of reporting likely results from poor awareness of this entity. The paper does not provide a large sample size or long-term follow-up. The diagnosis may be challenging due to the nonspecific imaging features.

    Clear cell hidradenoma of the breast: An uncommon mimicker of primary breast malignancy · 2026 · DOI

Most-cited papers in Breast Lesions and Carcinomas

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113 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 427 Breast Lesions and Carcinomas papers in our library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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