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Open research questions in Cardiac pacing and defibrillation studies

37 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 428 Cardiac pacing and defibrillation studies papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • ABSTRACT Introduction SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) reduce heart failure events across the ejection fraction spectrum, but their association with device‐adjudicated ventricular arrhythmias in real‐world primary‐prevention ICD recipients remains poorly characterized.

    More Disease, Fewer Arrhythmic Events: A Competing‐Risk Signal for SGLT2 Inhibitors in ICD Recipients · 2026 · DOI

  • Although the current of injury (COI) has been reported to increase after myocardial lead implantation1 and is commonly used to assess ventricular lead fixation, its role during Bachmann bundle lead fixation remains unclear.

    Real-Time Current of Injury Monitoring for Safe Bachmann Bundle Lead Fixation · 2026 · DOI

  • Future studies should focus on identifying patient subgroups most likely to benefit. However, the LVESV findings are limited by substantial heterogeneity and a predic- tion interval that crosses zero; therefore, they should not be interpreted as a consistent benefit across all CRT patients.

    Efficacy of multipoint versus conventional biventricular pacing in CRT: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials · 2026 · DOI

  • However, the difference in the influence of shock therapies between via Transvenous‐ICD (TV‐ICD) and Subcutaneous‐ICD (S‐ICD) has not been adequately examined.

    Different Effects of Defibrillator Shocks on the Myocardial Damage Between Subcutaneous and Transvenous Implantable Cardioverter‐Defibrillators · 2026 · DOI

  • Diagnostic evaluation is approached as a hierarchical process: establishing the necessary correlation between symptoms and electrocardiographic findings, utilizing exercise stress testing and ambulatory monitoring when initial evaluation is inconclusive, and systematically excluding reversible causes.

    Sinus Node Dysfunction: From Pathophysiological Mechanisms to Clinical Management—A Comprehensive Overview · 2026 · DOI

  • Prospective multicenter registries with larger sample sizes (≥50 patients), longer follow-up (≥2 years), and stratification by operator experience and chest wall morphology are needed to confirm long-term safety and broad…

    Safety and efficacy of completely transthoracic echocardiography guided leadless pacemaker implantation assisted by Panna guide wire: initial clinical experience · 2026 · DOI

  • No dedicated ultrasound-optimized retrieval tools currently exist for Micra LP; any required retrieval would necessitate conversion to fluoroscopy, representing a key unmet need for widespread…

    Safety and efficacy of completely transthoracic echocardiography guided leadless pacemaker implantation assisted by Panna guide wire: initial clinical experience · 2026 · DOI

  • TTE has technical constraints including measurement variability, suboptimal image quality in patients with concave chest walls or narrow AP diameters, and inter-observer variability in subcostal/apical view…

    Safety and efficacy of completely transthoracic echocardiography guided leadless pacemaker implantation assisted by Panna guide wire: initial clinical experience · 2026 · DOI

  • Whether a modular pacing-defibrillator system comprising a leadless pacemaker in wireless communication with a subcutaneous ICD to provide antitachycardia and bradycardia pacing is safe remains unknown.

    A Modular Communicative Leadless Pacing–Defibrillator System · 2024 · DOI

  • The paper identifies challenges in IRBBB interpretation, particularly in distinguishing IRBBB patterns from crista supraventricularis (CSV) pattern, indicating ongoing diagnostic uncertainty.

    Incomplete right bundle branch block: Challenges in electrocardiogram diagnosis · 2021 · DOI

  • However, the association between native QRS narrowing and cardiac fibrosis markers has not been investigated in patients with an implanted CRT device.

    Association between Reverse Electrical Remodeling and Cardiac Fibrosis Markers in Patients with Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy · 2017 · DOI

  • The acute effects of transitioning from intrinsic left bundle branch block (LBBB) to RV-paced activation remain incompletely understood.

    Acute hemodynamic improvement but worsening myocardial mechanics with RV pacing in a patient with intrinsic left bundle branch block: a case report · 2026 · DOI

  • The validity of these simulations, however, depends on pairing body models with clinically realistic lead configurations, guidance that is currently lacking.

    Weight-Guided Constraints for Body Model and Lead Selection in Pediatric CIED MRI Safety Simulations · 2026 · DOI

  • Comparisons with historical controls remain exploratory due to inherent limitations including temporal bias and unmeasured confounders despite propensity-score…

    Safety and efficacy of completely transthoracic echocardiography guided leadless pacemaker implantation assisted by Panna guide wire: initial clinical experience · 2026 · DOI

  • Unable to establish formal non-inferiority to fluoroscopy-guided implantation; all statistical comparisons are exploratory and descriptive rather than…

    Safety and efficacy of completely transthoracic echocardiography guided leadless pacemaker implantation assisted by Panna guide wire: initial clinical experience · 2026 · DOI

  • Despite this tendency, there are only a few reported cases of pregnancies in implantable cardiac defibrillator carriers, leading to insufficient evidence and clear guideline recommendations on how to manage and monitor pregnancy in patients with this type of cardiac pathology.

    Pregnancy and Delivery in a 27-Year-Old ICD Carrier · 2021 · DOI

  • There is no consensus in the literature regarding IRBBB definition, despite reproduction of AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations.

    Incomplete right bundle branch block: Challenges in electrocardiogram diagnosis · 2021 · DOI

  • Temporary pacing according to current guidelines should be limited to advanced atrio-venricular block, life-threatening bradycardia related to cardiac procedures (ie.

    Electrotherapy in acute cardiac conditions · 2019 · DOI

  • Only a few studies have previously dealt with this concern, and in our study, we investigated the factors affecting the development of atrioventricular block or sinus node dysfunction and the requirement of permanent pacemaker following cardiac surgery.

    Bradyarrhythmia development and permanent pacemaker implantation after cardiac surgery · 2017 · DOI

Most-cited papers in Cardiac pacing and defibrillation studies

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37 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 428 Cardiac pacing and defibrillation studies papers in our library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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