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Open research questions in Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management

56 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 367 Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • However, the relatively elevated false negative rate of 60 warrants attention in a clinical context, as undetected malignant cases carry significant diagnostic consequences.

    Automated Dermatologist-Level Classification of Malignant Melanoma Using Voting Ensemble Learning System · 2026 · DOI

  • Cutaneous head and neck melanoma (CHNM) accounts for a disproportionate share of melanoma-related mortality, yet the prognostic value of its precise anatomical site remains uncertain.

    Scalp melanoma presents with greater Breslow thickness and higher metastatic burden: analysis of 105 Korean cutaneous head and neck melanoma patients · 2026 · DOI

  • In this study, a novel AI-enabled framework for automated skin disease detection and classification was developed by combining deep learning, explainable AI, and mobile edge computing in one diagnostic system. With the use of EfficientNet-MobileNet networks for powerful feature extraction and multi-class classification, the framework was fine-tuned using TensorFlow Lite and run on a Raspberry Pi device. With the inclusion of visual explanations based on Grad-CAM, confidence estimation, and web diagnostic interface, the framework was improved from the perspective of interpretability, accessibility, and usability. The experimental results have shown that the proposed framework provides high classification accuracy with 94.8% accuracy, 93.6% precision, 94.1% recall, 93.8% F1-score, and 95.4% mAP. The comparative analysis showed that the suggested technique has some major benefits in ISSN: 2582-2012 240 Manikandaraja G., Hemanth R S., Nihal Bin Anwar comparison to the available solutions due to the presence of such characteristics as high prediction accuracy, explainability, edge computing, and the ability to process the data in real time. The future directions of the research will involve the expansion of the suggested framework due to the application of more extensive dermatological databases, transformer models, the application of federated learning for privacy-preserving model training, and multimodal clinical data. Also, the clinical validation and application of the solution in mobile healthcare and telemedicine settings will be investigated.

    AI-Driven Early Detection and Classification of Skin Diseases Using Deep Learning and Mobile Edge Computing · 2026 · DOI

  • ABSTRACT Introduction: Limited research explores dermoscopy use among physician associates (PAs), outside of one prior study examining dermoscopy in PA student education.

    Use of dermoscopy and its association with skin lesion evaluation confidence among PAs in the United States · 2026 · DOI

  • Although guidelines support its use with or without immunotherapy, no standardized approach to technique, dose, or sequencing exists, given the rarity of PVM and the absence of prospective data [3].

    Combined High Dose-Rate Interstitial Brachytherapy and Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy in Unresectable Primary Vaginal Melanoma: A Case Report · 2026 · DOI

  • Mucosal melanoma (MM) is a rare and aggressive melanoma subtype with poor outcomes and poorly understood risk factors, including the contribution of germline pathogenic variants (PVs).

    Germline variants in cancer susceptibility genes among patients with mucosal melanoma · 2026 · DOI

  • We conclude that while pixel-based colour features carry real MST signal on dermoscopy, current performance is insufficient for autonomous annotation.

    Pixel-Based Skin Tone Estimation on Dermoscopy: A Dual-Rater MST Benchmark and Feasibility Study · 2026 · DOI

  • However, despite increasing interest in LLM-based dermatologic applications, their diagnostic reliability across different populations remains insufficiently characterized.

    Evaluation of GPT-5.2 for melanoma detection across skin tones · 2026 · DOI

  • The present study had several limitations. As the analysis was performed retrospectively, the groups were not matched. Differences in age, sex, and localisation may have influenced the results. RCM with VivaScope 3,000 examines only part of the lesion, and no mosaic images can be acquired. The selection of this part depends on the examiner, so there might be false-negative diagnoses. As the nevi included histological and clinical diagnoses, the number of lesions may be under- or overrepresented. Nevertheless, the majority of nevi are diagnosed clinically in everyday clinical practice. Furthermore, the analysis of clinical and histological diagnoses of nevi was performed in both groups.

    Earlier detection of melanoma using in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy—a retrospective analysis · 2026 · DOI

  • intelligence to Fig. No. 3: AI in cosmetology. TREATMENT SIMULATIONS Generative AI creates before and after visualizations for the procedures like laser treatments, Botox, Fillers, skin resurfacing, and stimulating up to 10 skin issues such as pores, redness, or dark circles. Tools like prefect Corp’s simulator or eMI’s AI predictor offer realistic previews from selfies, aiding patient education and decision making and guiding post care, using computer vision and data to analyze skin for acne, wrinkles, pigmentation, and monitoring progress for enhanced precision and patient satisfaction. WORKING Data Analysis: AI algorithms process vast amounts of skin data from images, biosensors, and patient history to find patterns. Computer Vision: Identifies and quantifies skin features like wrinkles and lesions for objective assessment. Machine Learning: Learns from the past data to predict treatment efficacy and personalize plans. BENEFITS Data- Driven Decisions: Dermatologists make more informed, objective choices. Enhanced Precision: Tailored treatments lead to better outcomes. Improved Patient Experience: Better management and continuous support. expectation 2 AI APPLICATIONS INTREATMENT Personalized Skincare & Product Recommendation: AI analyze uploaded images and digital questionnaires to suggest specific products and routines, with brands offering AI-driven platforms for consumers. Predictive Treatment Outcomes: Algorithms predict patient response to lasers, microneedling, or fillers, helping tailor treatments for better safety and results. www.ejbps.com │ Vol 13, Issue 4, 2026. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │ 72 Dhruthin et al. European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Advanced skin Analysis: AI- powdered systems offer detailed objective measurements of wrinkles, pores, and texture for precise planning and tracking. Augmented Reality (AR): Apps let users virtually try on treatments to visualize results managing expectations. Image-Based Diagnosis: Computer vision identifies and classifies skin issues from images reducing human error and aiding diagnosis. Robotics: While research – focused, robot- assisted laser treatments aim for greater precision through widespread clinical use is pending. Personalized Post-Care: AI monitors recovery and suggests adjustments like anti-inflammatory creams or antioxidants for healing. 3 PROSED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE The proposed AI-driven personalized skincare system is designed to analyze facial images, classify skin types, and recommend suitable skincare products.

    A REVIEW ON: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN COSMETIC DERMATOLOGY; ADVANCES IN SKIN ANALYSIS AND PERSONALIZED TREATMENT · 2026 · DOI

  • Future studies are needed to confirm the framework the use of attention mechanisms and on various data sets, explainable AI tools such as Grad-CAM to improve interpretability, multimodal data such as patient clinical metadata, and prospective clinical trials to confirm the usefulness of diagnosing in clinics and patient outcomes. shown good performance in medical image classification tasks because they can capture long-range dependencies and contextual relationships between images in the image itself that are not limited to the local context of a single pixel area (Li et al.

    Improved CNN with BiLSTM model for early melanoma and skin lesion classification · 2026 · DOI

  • The study suggests that HSI could be realistically integrated into current dermatological practice at the initial diagnostic stage before performing a biopsy, and supports further investigation in computer-aided diagnostic systems.

    Minimizing the False Negative Rate in Convolutional Neural Network-Based Melanoma Classification Using Hyperspectral Data to Reduce Misdiagnosis · 2026 · DOI

  • The CNN model trained on dermoscopy images lacked ROI delineation (full RGB images without dermatologist-defined regions of interest), which may have influenced the model's sensitivity compared to hyperspectral data.

    Minimizing the False Negative Rate in Convolutional Neural Network-Based Melanoma Classification Using Hyperspectral Data to Reduce Misdiagnosis · 2026 · DOI

  • Phase I/II trials evaluating neoadjuvant or adjuvant regimens combining immune checkpoint inhibitors with MEK inhibitors and/or CDK4/6 inhibitors are warranted, accompanied by robust correlative biomarker studies.

    Primary malignant melanoma of the uterine cervix: a case report of aggressive progression despite multimodal therapy · 2026 · DOI

  • Due to its rarity, the genomic landscape of OMM remains unknown despite a relatively thorough understanding of the genetic profile of cutaneous melanoma (CM).

    Mutational landscape of oral mucosal melanoma based on comprehensive cancer genomic profiling tests in a Japanese cohort · 2024 · DOI

  • Although advances in deep learning systems for image-based medical diagnosis demonstrate their potential to augment clinical decision-making, the effectiveness of physician-machine partnerships remains an open question, in part because physicians and algorithms are both susceptible to systematic errors, especially for diagnosis of underrepresented populations.

    Deep learning-aided decision support for diagnosis of skin disease across skin tones · 2024 · DOI

  • B Level of evidence: BRAF status should be available in stage III/IV patients and can be proposed in stage IIB-C. Consensus rate: 100% 246 C. Garbe et al. / European Journal of Cancer 170 (2022) 236e255 6.4. Staging examinations according to AJCC stages Recommendation 8: Staging depends on clinical examination and, in case of primary melanoma, on histological characteristics. Physical examination of the entire body and accessible mucosal membranes should be performed looking for tumor satellites and in-transit metastases and for sec- ond melanoma due to its increased risk [111]. All lymph node areas should be carefully examined with partic- ular attention to the draining regional lymph node basin. Patients with pT1a melanomas with negative phys- ical examination and no symptoms need no further imaging nor SLNB. Ultrasound of the loco-regional lymph nodes shall be done for patients in Stage IB and higher. A recent Cochrane meta-analysis showed that its use in primary staging had a sensitivity of 35% and specificity of 94% [112]. The presence of lymph node metastasis can be confirmed for all clinically or radio- lymph node using fine-needle logically suspicious aspiration cytology or ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy [113e115]. Noteworthy, ultra-sound shall not be considered as a substitute for sentinel lymph node biopsy. A positive node with ultrasound with fine- needle aspiration cytology can prevent futile SLNB surgery and allow patients to access neo-adjuvant trial participation. In primary melanoma without clinically or radio- logically positive lymph node, sentinel node biopsy is the most important prognostic factor in primary tumors with Breslow > 1 mm (discussed below) [116e118]. Imaging aiming to detect distant metastasis includes computed tomography (CT) with intravenous contrast of the thorax and abdomen or positron emission to- mography scans (PET CT); brain metastasis are better detected using brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with intravenous contrast than with CT scan. Such work up is generally recommended in all stage III patients. However, its significance in stage III patients with micrometastasis only (N1a or N2a) remains debatable since distant metastasis are detected in less than 2% of these patients [119]. The positivity is higher in clinically palpable lymph node and ranges from 4% to 16% [120,121]. A recent Cochrane meta-analysis estimated the sensitivity of distant work up to 30%e47% and specificity to 73%e88% [112]. The rate of positivity is much lower in stage II pa- tients. A recent review showed a sensitivity for PET-CT ranging from 0% to 67% and specificity 77%e100% and concluded that it is not beneficial [122]. Such work up can however be considered for the poor prognosis stage IIC. Stage IV patients need careful total body imaging using CT or PET CT and brain MRI. No routine blood test is recommended except for stage IV patients for whom serum LDH should be assessed.

    European consensus-based interdisciplinary guideline for melanoma. Part 1: Diagnostics - Update 2024 · 2024 · DOI

  • summarized in specific tables are evaluated on the basis of expert consensus when there is insufficient evidence. The methodology of these updated guidelines is based on the standards of the AGREE II instrument. The levels of evidence are graded according to the Oxford classifica- tion (Table 1) [1]. The degree of recommendation is also classified (Table 2). evidence-based data or formulated as The source guideline for guideline adaptation of recommendations is the German S3 guideline on ma- lignant melanoma in the version from 2020. 1.6. Financing The authors did this work on a voluntary basis and did not receive any honorarium. Travel costs for participa- tion in Consensus Conferences were in part reimbursed by EADO. 2. Definition Melanoma is a malignant tumor that arises from mela- nocytes and primarily involves the skin. Melanomas can also arise in the eye (uvea, conjunctiva, and ciliary body), meninges and on various mucosal surfaces. While melanomas are usually heavily pigmented, they can be also amelanotic. Even thin tumors can metastasize but over 85% of melanomas will not metastasize. Mela- nomas account for 90% of the deaths associated with cutaneous tumors. In this guideline, we concentrate on the treatment of cutaneous melanoma [2e9].

    European consensus-based interdisciplinary guideline for melanoma. Part 1: Diagnostics - Update 2024 · 2024 · DOI

  • Future studies which take into account gene-gene and gene-environment interactions are warranted for more precise evidence and further elucidation of the underlying mechanism of CM.

    Association of polymorphisms in nucleotide excision repair pathway genes with susceptibility to cutaneous melanoma · 2021 · DOI

  • However, consensus on optimal excision margins to prevent local recurrence (LR) and increase melanoma-specific survival (MSS) is lacking.

    Wide local excision margins in melanoma: a systematic review and network meta-analysis · 2026 · DOI

  • Background and Objectives: Systemic inflammation contributes to melanoma progression, yet the prognostic value of routinely available inflammatory ratios remains insufficiently characterized in real-world cohorts.

    Pre-Treatment Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as Prognostic Biomarkers for Sentinel Lymph Node Positivity and Recurrence-Free Survival in Primary Cutaneous Melanoma: An Exploratory Single-Centre Retrospective Cohort Study · 2026 · DOI

  • The study recommends lesion- or patient-level data partitioning to further validate generalizability and minimize the risk of intra-lesional data overlap in future work.

    Minimizing the False Negative Rate in Convolutional Neural Network-Based Melanoma Classification Using Hyperspectral Data to Reduce Misdiagnosis · 2026 · DOI

  • Effective therapy may require concurrent dual-pathway targeting from the outset, indicating a need to test frontline combination strategies rather than sequential approaches.

    Primary malignant melanoma of the uterine cervix: a case report of aggressive progression despite multimodal therapy · 2026 · DOI

  • The diagnostic gold standard for mucosal melanoma—identification of an in-situ (junctional) component—was not definitively documented in the cervical lesion.

    Primary malignant melanoma of the uterine cervix: a case report of aggressive progression despite multimodal therapy · 2026 · DOI

  • The exact mechanistic link between low phosphorus and the TyG index needs further exploration, as both are indicators of metabolic health and their combined influence could exacerbate melanoma risk.

    Machine learning-based association analysis of triglyceride-glucose index with melanoma prevalence and all-cause mortality: insights from cross-sectional NHANES 1999–2018 data and an external hospital-based dataset · 2026 · DOI

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56 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 367 Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management papers in our library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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