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Open research questions in Exercise and Physiological Responses

553 gap statements mined from Exercise and Physiological Responses papers in our 7.9M-paper local library, which holds 1,671 papers on the topic — drawn mostly from each paper's own stated research gap, future-work, challenge and limitation notes, and its abstract. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one.

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What the literature leaves open

  • Future studies should examine long-term effects, sex- and tissue-specific differences, and the ongoing role of exercise in improving PFAS clearance in exposed populations.

    High-intensity circuit training as a potential modulator of serum PFAS levels in women · 2026 · DOI

  • Several limitations of the present study should be acknowledged. The effects of a longer intervention period should be investigated in future studies. Because the participants were relatively healthy community-dwelling older adults, the findings may not be generalizable to pre-frail or frail populations.

    Eccentric contraction duration in bodyweight resistance exercise training for changes in physical function and health parameters of older adults · 2026 · DOI

  • A key limitation is that most studies assessed these outcomes during post-exercise recovery rather than before or during the repeated eccentric bout itself; therefore, the available evidence cannot determine whether altered neural strategy was already present before Bout 2, emerged during the repeated bout, or developed secondarily during recovery.

    Neurophysiological and neuromuscular responses associated with the repeated bout effect following eccentric exercise in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis · 2026 · DOI

  • This distinction is limited by the timing of the available measurements, as most studies assessed neural and neuromuscular outcomes during post-exercise recovery, whereas fewer examined whether neural strategy or myoelectrical behaviour differed during the repeated eccentric bout itself. Voluntary activation findings were mixed.

    Neurophysiological and neuromuscular responses associated with the repeated bout effect following eccentric exercise in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis · 2026 · DOI

  • Despite strong evidence demonstrating the benefits of IST on respiratory strength, mobility, and PPCs after major cardiothoracic surgeries, little is known about its potential to offset surgical declines and accelerate recovery following TJA.

    Inspiratory Muscle Training Before Total Joint Arthroplasty to Improve Postoperative Outcomes: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial · 2026 · DOI

  • The clinical relevance of the observed body-composition changes is less clear, as validated thresholds for clinically meaningful short-term changes in InBody-derived body-composition parameters have not been established in a comparable population.

    A Six-Week Multimodal Functional Training Program Improves Physical Function and Modulates Redox Homeostasis in Older Women · 2026 · DOI

  • In many cases, the clinical significance of the observed improvements remains uncertain, making it difficult to draw firm conclusions regarding the practical effectiveness of WBC in routine clinical settings.

    Cold as a therapeutic frontier: place of whole-body cryotherapy in modern medicine · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research should investigate longer-term effects of similar experimental treatments and perhaps include hypercaloric conditions to provide additional insights into the topic. For intermediate-level trainees who comprise a broad bridge between these two ends of the spectrum, the potential for BR needs to be investigated on an individual basis.

    Comparison of two nutritional protocols in body re-composition of resistance-trained participants · 2026 · DOI

  • While the results are promising, future research should explore the effects of different ST modalities, assess broader performance outcomes such as sprinting and agility, and investigate long-term impacts on injury prevention and sport-specific performance.

    Twelve Weeks of In-Season Strength Training at Moderate Intensities Improve Strength and Body Composition Without Increasing Muscle Damage or Inflammation in Elite Young Female Soccer Players · 2026 · DOI

  • Consequently, the effects of alternative training modalities, such as low-load high-velocity ST, remain unknown. Therefore, the findings may not be generalizable to younger or older age groups, or to athletes with previous exposure to ST.

    Twelve Weeks of In-Season Strength Training at Moderate Intensities Improve Strength and Body Composition Without Increasing Muscle Damage or Inflammation in Elite Young Female Soccer Players · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research should focus on the development of muscle cell models to further investigate the effects of 2LMIREG, and the execution of clinical studies is required to evaluate these potential effects in a real-world context and bridge the gap between preclinical results and practical applications for post-effort recovery. Faced with this complexity, personalized approaches are warranted.

    Perspective: Personalized Management of Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Post-Exercise Recovery with a Particular Emphasis on the Potential of Micro-Immunotherapy · 2026 · DOI

  • Although some studies report CMJ improvements following shorter cryotherapy or cold-water immersion protocols and cooler water temperatures (5–10 C), results remain inconsistent and appear highly dependent on protocol characteristics and athlete population.

    Short-Term Recovery Interventions Using Cryosauna, Cold-Water Immersion, and Foam Rolling in Mixed Martial Arts Athletes: A Polish Pilot Study · 2026 · DOI

  • Further studies with larger and more diverse samples, sport-specific performance measures, and appropriate interaction analyses are warranted to clarify the acute and longer-term effects of caffeine and RR supplementation.

    Effects of Rhodiola rosea and caffeine, alone and in combination, on Wingate performance and physiological stress responses in soccer players · 2026 · DOI

  • Another limitation of the present study is that baseline salivary biomarker measurements were not obtained prior to supplementation at each experimental session. Therefore, the observed biomarker responses reflect post-exercise values only, and individual changes from presupplementation baseline could not be determined.

    Effects of Rhodiola rosea and caffeine, alone and in combination, on Wingate performance and physiological stress responses in soccer players · 2026 · DOI

  • The net effects of IL-15 depend on the cellular and inflammatory context, and comparable protection in the intact human kidney has not been established.

    IL-15 Signaling Pathways in the Kidney: Established Mechanisms and Hypotheses for Exercise-Associated Stress · 2026 · DOI

  • Inflammatory processes may contribute to running-related injury (RRI) susceptibility, yet the predictive value of baseline inflammatory biomarkers remains unclear.

    Baseline Inflammatory Markers as Predictors of Running‐Related Injuries: A One‐Year Prospective 4HAIE Cohort Study · 2026 · DOI

  • Personalized supplementation strategies should be explored based on training intensity, metabolic demands, and genetic predisposition. Few studies have controlled for total protein and amino acid intake, making it difficult to determine whether the observed benefits of BCAA supplementation arise from their direct effects or simply from increased total protein availability.

    Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Inflammation Management in Endurance Sports: Molecular Mechanisms and Practical Implications · 2025 · DOI

  • Future studies should focus on optimizing CrM supplementation protocols that account for an individual’s body composition and hormonal status, as well as investigating the long-term effects of CrM intake on muscle function. In particular, the observed suppression of edema in female participants highlights the need for further research on the mechanisms of CrM, including its interaction with estrogen.

    The Effects of Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation on Recovery from Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial Considering Sex and Age Differences · 2025 · DOI

  • However, the variability in GSH responses suggests that its regulation by chronic exercise remains unclear and may be influenced by factors such as training background, intensity, nutrition, or hormonal status. Finally, future studies employing longitudinal and well-structured cohort designs are warranted to clarify the long-term and sex-specific adaptations of oxidative stress responses during adolescence.

    Biochemical Effects of Long-Term Exercise on Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Markers in Adolescent Female Athletes · 2025 · DOI

  • Larger, controlled trials are warranted for the development of training strategies targeting the improvement of various components of the biological processes that regulate HIIT-induced systemic and skeletal muscle adaptations.

    Molecular, Systemic, and Physiological Adaptations to High-Intensity Interval Training in Flatwater Kayak Athletes · 2025 · DOI

  • Although very little is known about how the high-level kayak athletes respond to a HIIT program, it seems that HIIT can elicit significant improvements of endurance variables, such as PSVT2, in these athletes.

    Molecular, Systemic, and Physiological Adaptations to High-Intensity Interval Training in Flatwater Kayak Athletes · 2025 · DOI

  • Future research should examine the effects of repeated sessions, explore individual response variability, and assess performance outcomes over longer recovery periods to optimize the application of these interventions. These findings support the use of both MM and IPC as viable recovery options in high-demand athletic environments, with IPC warranting further investigation for its potential biochemical impact.

    Effects of Pneumatic Compression and Manual Massage on Recovery and Performance in Elite Brazilian Under-20 Soccer Players: A Crossover Trial · 2025 · DOI

  • Instead, both interventions appear to be viable recovery strategies, with IPC showing potential for greater biochemical impact, warranting further investigation with larger samples.

    Effects of Pneumatic Compression and Manual Massage on Recovery and Performance in Elite Brazilian Under-20 Soccer Players: A Crossover Trial · 2025 · DOI

  • However, it is noteworthy that irisin regulation under normal physiological conditions remains unclear.

    Whole-Body Electromyostimulation Coupled with Aerobic Exercise Boosts Serum Irisin Levels in Healthy Individuals: A Pilot Study · 2025 · DOI

  • A Lıttle known bee product with the potentıal to become a functıonal food and nutrıtıonal supplement: Apılarnıl.

    Dose-dependent effects of apilarnil on muscle damage and endurance performance during exhaustive swimming exercise in rats: translational ınsights for sports physiology · 2026 · DOI

Most-cited papers in Exercise and Physiological Responses

Most recent work

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Open questions raised by papers listed on this page include: (1) Future studies should examine long-term effects, sex- and tissue-specific differences, and the ongoing role of exercise in improving PFAS clearance in exposed populations (“High-intensity circuit training as a potential modulator of serum PFAS levels…”, 2026); (2) Future research should investigate longer-term effects of similar experimental treatments and perhaps include hypercaloric conditions to provide additional insights into the topic (“Comparison of two nutritional protocols in body re-composition of…”, 2026); (3) The effects of alternative training modalities, such as low-load high-velocity ST, remain unknown (“Twelve Weeks of In-Season Strength Training at Moderate Intensities Improve…”, 2026); (4) Faced with this complexity, personalized approaches are warranted (“Perspective: Personalized Management of Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in…”, 2026); (5) Further studies with larger and more diverse samples, sport-specific performance measures, and appropriate interaction analyses are warranted to clarify the acute and longer-term effects of caffeine and RR supplementation (“Effects of Rhodiola rosea and caffeine, alone and in combination, on Wingate…”, 2026). 553 gap statements have been mined from Exercise and Physiological Responses papers in our 7.9M-paper local library, which holds 1,671 papers on the topic; the gaps come from whichever of those papers state one. They are mostly the research gaps the authors state and the papers' abstracts, plus future-work, limitations and challenges passages. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one, so you can read the original claim in context.

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