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Open research questions in Gender Roles and Identity Studies

128 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 6,234 Gender Roles and Identity Studies papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • The primacy of this deficit-focused may have shaped the development of measures of masculinities in ways that underrepresent adaptive, relational, or health-promoting dimensions of masculine identity, even as it remains an open empirical question whether such dimensions exist in ways that can be meaningfully defined and measured.

    What Is the Measure of a Man? A Systematic Scoping Review of 50 Years of Masculinities Scales · 2026 · DOI

  • Based on the synthesized findings, the following recommendations are proposed to strengthen gender mainstreaming in basic education. Schools must shift from peripheral initiatives to a holistic, institutionalized framework. This requires embedding gender-responsive pedagogy into ongoing, context-specific professional development and holding school leaders accountable by integrating gender instructional oversight. Furthermore, gender perspectives must be systematically woven into core school processes, including curriculum planning, learner assessment, and governance, rather than treated as extracurricular activities. Finally, success should be measured through participatory monitoring and institutionalized gender audits that capture the lived experiences of diverse stakeholders, ultimately fostering safe, inclusive environments where policies are reflected in daily classroom interactions and school culture.

    A Meta-synthesis in Gender Mainstreaming and Promoting Gender-Responsive Teaching and School Culture in Basic Education · 2026 · DOI

  • This meta-synthesis is subject to several limitations. First, it relied exclusively on published and accessible studies, which may exclude undocumented practices or unpublished experiences at the school level. Second, the included studies varied in research design, methodological rigor, and contextual focus, which may affect the comparability of findings. Third, as an interpretive synthesis, the results are shaped by the researcher’s analytical lens and theoretical positioning. While reflexivity was employed throughout the process, alternative interpretations remain possible. Finally, the focus on the Philippine basic education context may limit the direct transferability of findings to other educational systems.

    A Meta-synthesis in Gender Mainstreaming and Promoting Gender-Responsive Teaching and School Culture in Basic Education · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research could address these gaps through multi-sited, class-diverse, and longitudinal studies, and explore how 117 MCS – Masculinities & Social Change, 15(2) gay men negotiate sonhood alongside fatherhood, how rural migrants compare with local men, and how digital communities reshape filial expectations.

    Reconfiguring Masculinity and Sonhood among Gay Migrants in Urban China · 2026 · DOI

  • New insights have been provided into the role of fathers’ environmental activism, which warrants further research to connect ecological forms of mas- culinity to family and environmental issues (Hultman and Pulé 2018).

    RCC Perspectives, Vol. 4 (2017): Men and Nature: Hegemonic Masculinities and Environmental Change · 2026 · DOI

  • As we prepare for a new contraceptive revolution centering the male reproductive body, little is known about 21st century men’s interest in pursuing hormonal technology.

    Pills, Power and Performativity: Negotiating Masculinity in the Emergence of Male Contraceptive Technology · 2023 · DOI

  • As little is known about the views of university students on metrosexual masculinities in South Africa, the aim of this study was to investigate the predictors and correlates of a group of 200 undergraduate students’ perceptions on whether metrosexuality should be considered as an acceptable form of contemporary masculinity.

    Predictors and Correlates of South African University Students’ Perceptions of Metrosexuality as an Acceptable Form of Contemporary Masculinity · 2022 · DOI

  • However, little is known about what constitutes usual practice in these clubs, nor is much known about the adult advisors who serve as important safe adult relationships for SGM youth in schools.

    “For all the role asks of us, it gives us so much more”: a descriptive study of gender and sexuality alliance advisors’ usual practices, training experiences, and motivations · 2022 · DOI

  • In the light of the fact that this issue has never been studied before, the present paper may somewhat complement the gap in literature or build a foundation for the research in this field, as it discusses the individual factors of refusal to participate in exchange programs by female students, as well as interruptive and hindering circumstances, which in most cases come from family.

    Does Gender Matter? Student Mobility in Georgia. A Case Study · 2020 · DOI

  • Middle- and high school-based programs that affirm diverse sexual orientations and gender identities are related to lower rates of bullying and better mental health for LGBTQ students, yet little is known about how to implement affirming programs for elementary-aged children.

    Elementary Students’ Gender Beliefs and Attitudes Following a 12-Week Arts Curriculum Focused on Gender · 2019 · DOI

  • The limited research on aging men’s experiences suggests that they experience counseling differently (Greer, 2005, June; Winerman, 2005, June, Wright & Elam, 2016) and that stigma remains a significant deterrent (Englar-Carlson, Evans, & Duffey, 2014).

    Counseling Aging Men: Best Practices for Group Counseling · 2018 · DOI

  • Many international curricula have been developed that aim to improve gender equality and prevent men’s violence against women by teaching (male) participants about gender relations, However the extent to which feminist and critical masculinities literature has influenced the pedagogical content is not well known.

    Rethinking conceptual representations of masculinity in international development gender equality training · 2018 · DOI

  • And, Logan (1998) suggests, "althoughproblems still persist and much remains to be done to remove gender filters in theworkplace, conditions are favorable for advancing gender equity" (p.

    Can you be an effective principal when you don"št smoke, swing a club, or ride a Harley? · 2017 · DOI

  • In this open issue of NORMA, we present three articles: Linda Lapiņa and Jonatan Leer’s article ‘Carnivorous heterotopias: Gender, nostalgia and hipsterness in the Copenhagen meat scene’; Hakim Ben .

    A new issue and a new Centre for Masculinity Studies! · 2016 · DOI

  • By drawing on 30 individual interviews with male clients, cyber-ethnography of a major CD on-line forum, informal conversations with CD participants, off-line participant observations, and the sparse literature available on this under-examined social phenomenon, we also analyze men’s subjective understandings of being a client, of CD providers, and of CD itself, which influence men’s CD experiences and condom use behavior.

    Becoming a Male Client of Compensated Dating · 2015 · DOI

  • Theoretical explanations for this latter result include the potential that men's sense of self or identity may be engaged when responding to questions asking to what extent they agree or disagree with normative statements about their behavior, a possibility that could be investigated in future research by examining the associations of the general and specific factors with measures of masculine identity.

    Male Role Norms Inventory–Short Form (MRNI-SF): Development, confirmatory factor analytic investigation of structure, and measurement invariance across gender. · 2013 · DOI

  • AbstractDespite concerns about stress levels in young people, research about stress and stressors among boys and girls that apply an intersectionality approach is scarce.

    Seventeen and stressed – Do gender and class matter? · 2012 · DOI

  • These feelings of vulnerability are warranted given the wave of murders that have occurred recently, such as that of Black lesbian Sakia Gunn and transgender women such as Duanna Johnson, Rodney "Ebony" Whittaker, and LaTeisha Green, to name just a few.

    Gender/Racial Realness: Theorizing the Gender System in Ballroom Culture · 2011 · DOI

  • The current research (women, n = 226; men, n = 175) explored these conflicting findings by separating out investing in societal gender ideals from personally valuing one's gender identity ( private regard) and investigating the relationship to self-esteem, through either autonomous (behaviors that are freely chosen) or pressured (behaviors engaged in due to pressure from others or situation) motivation for gender-consistent behavior (communal behavior for women and agentic behavior for men).

    Doing Gender for Different Reasons: Why Gender Conformity Positively and Negatively Predicts Self-Esteem · 2010 · DOI

  • Despite the large number of studies addressing gender differences in dream recall and dream content, research regarding whether these differences might be affected by sex role orientation is rather scarce.

    Gender Differences in Dream Content: Related to Biological Sex or Sex Role Orientation? · 2010 · DOI

  • After a long personal and professional journey, living in a society that views children with gender-variant behavior and interests as aberrations that need to be examined, intervened with, or repackaged, we are moved to redirect our attention as academics, as women, and as mothers to the larger social processes that punish or reward particular forms of gender expression and gender identity.

    Boys with gender variant behaviors and interests: from theory to practice · 2009 · DOI

  • In this multidisciplinary overview, the author discusses college men's health risks, men's failure to adopt health-promoting behaviors, their propensity to engage in risky behaviors, their beliefs about manhood, their attitudes concerning their own vulnerability, and their limited knowledge about health.

    College Men's Health: An Overview and a Call to Action · 1998 · DOI

  • The limited evidence available indicates the following: there is a more rigid male role in childhood, but the evidence for adults is less clear; there is some evidence of greater complexity and inconsistency in the male role during childhood; developmentally, the female role becomes less flexible at adolescence whereas the male role becomes more flexible and varied; the female role shows more change across the adult life-span, particularly at the birth of the first child.

    Gender roles as developmental pathways · 1984 · DOI

  • It is beyond the scope of this paper to give a full analysis of the intricate and prejudicial work- ings of the schools: how they are culturally and sexually biased, and how the financial investment in different types of community schools, is not only of differing magnitude, but is used for different priori- ties.

    Towards A Theoretical Orientation For Understanding Sexism · 1973 · DOI

  • In spite of the plethora of books, films and talk about sex, comparatively little is known about the interrelations between sexuality and socialization (Gagnon 1966).

    Parents and peers: Socialization agents in the coital behavior of young adults∗ · 1973 · DOI

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128 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 6,234 Gender Roles and Identity Studies papers in our library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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