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Open research questions in Inflammatory Biomarkers in Disease Prognosis

973 gap statements mined from Inflammatory Biomarkers in Disease Prognosis papers in our 7.9M-paper local library, which holds 2,469 papers on the topic — drawn mostly from each paper's own stated research gap, future-work, challenge and limitation notes, and its abstract. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one.

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What the literature leaves open

  • Future research should focus on large-scale prospective studies to validate the diagnostic and prognostic value of systemic inflammatory biomarkers in GERD. Standardization of cutoff values and study methodologies will be essential.

    Systemic inflammatory biomarkers in gastroesophageal reflux disease: current evidence and future perspectives · 2026 · DOI

  • Several studies explored the prognostic implications of lymphopenia in CRC, but the findings were inconsistent, likely because of variations in the ALC threshold, timing of assessment, and study design.

    Association between lymphopenia and the survival of patients with colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis · 2026 · DOI

  • Future prospective studies with repeated biomarker measurements and detailed clinical phenotyping are warranted to validate these findings and clarify the clinical relevance of RAR.

    The association between adult red blood cell width to albumin ratio (RAR) and psoriasis: a retrospective cross-sectional study · 2026 · DOI

  • The limited number of malignant cases and the heterogeneous distribution of malignant subtypes may partly explain these negative findings, which should be validated in larger, subtype-specific cohorts.

    Diagnostic value of the pan-immune-inflammation value, plateletcrit, and monocyte count in salivary gland tumors: a 10-year two-stage retrospective analysis · 2026 · DOI

  • Larger studies are warranted to clarify the independent contribution of immunotherapy to increased vascular inflammation after treatment. Future prospective studies with larger cohorts and extended follow-up are warranted to clarify the prognostic utility of delayed total-body PET imaging in predicting cardiovascular outcomes.

    Delayed total-body [18F]FDG PET/CT demonstrates systemic vascular inflammation after concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer · 2026 · DOI

  • ESR and CRP are easily affected by non-specific inflammation. RF lacks specificity for disease activity. DAS28 integrates multi-dimensional information, but its operation is relatively complex and subjective.

    Comparison and validation of systemic immune-inflammation index, C-reactive protein/albumin ratio, and C-reactive protein-albumin-lymphocyte index for assessing disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis · 2026 · DOI

  • Current methods for assessing rheumatoid arthritis disease activity have limitations, such as being affected by non-specific inflammation or lacking specificity. There is a need for novel biomarkers that are stable, objective, easily accessible, and reflect the disease activity. The study aims to fill this gap by evaluating the application value of three novel indices.

    Comparison and validation of systemic immune-inflammation index, C-reactive protein/albumin ratio, and C-reactive protein-albumin-lymphocyte index for assessing disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis · 2026 · DOI

  • The study highlights the need for improved strategies to prevent anemia, alleviate symptoms, and enhance patient outcomes. There is a gap in understanding the association between NPAR and all-cause mortality in anemic individuals.

    The neutrophil-percentage-to-albumin ratio (NPAR) shows a nonlinear correlation with all-cause mortality in patients with anemia · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a need for convenient routine screening tools for early risk detection of stroke. Prior research has documented the associations between CLR and multiple chronic conditions, but its association with stroke is not well understood.

    C-reactive protein-to-lymphocyte ratio and stroke: associations with prevalence and subsequent mortality in NHANES 1999–2010 · 2026 · DOI

  • Whether the prognostic performance of CARWL persists in immunotherapy-integrated treatment paradigms, particularly among patients receiving consolidation durvalumab after definitive CCRT, warrants further investigation.

    Comparative Prognostic Performance of CARWL and Naples Prognostic Score in Stage IIIC Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with Definitive Chemoradiotherapy · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research should consider incorporating latent class trajectory modelling to elucidate the time-dependent characteristics of these pathological networks (26). Several limitations of this study warrant consideration.

    Interactive effects of systemic inflammation and nutritional status on 1-year functional outcomes in acute ischaemic stroke: a multidimensional biomarker cohort study · 2026 · DOI

  • On this basis, future research could focus on hemorrhagic stroke, mixed stroke, and stroke patients at different disease stages to clarify the predictive specificity and optimal cutoff values of the NLR, PLR, LMR, and SII for different types of stroke, further improving the early prediction system for PSD and enhancing the accuracy of early clinical identification and intervention.

    Predictive roles of inflammatory indicators (NLR, PLR, LMR and SII) in poststroke depression rehabilitation: a systematic review · 2026 · DOI

  • Seventh, formal measures of model performance, such as discrimination, calibration, and internal validation, could not be evaluated. Further prospective studies with standardized documentation of treatment sequences and post-progression therapies are warranted to clarify the prognostic value of baseline inflammatory and nutritional indices in the context of subsequent treatment strategies.

    Prognostic value of the modified Glasgow Prognostic Score and Prognostic Nutritional Index in prostate cancer treated with cabazitaxel · 2026 · DOI

  • In addition to chemotherapy, administration of monoclonal antibodies that target putative key drivers of inflammation/immunosuppression, particularly IL-1β, IL-6, IL-13 (IL13RA2) and TGF-β1, is warranted.

    Systemic Protein Biomarkers, Composite Blood Inflammatory Indices and Cellular Ratios in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Potential Therapeutic Targets · 2026 · DOI

  • Finally, follow-up was limited to 1 year, and the long-term trajectory of the association remains to be defined. Eighth, MPV was not recorded in the registries, and its potential confounding or complementary prognostic contribution could not be assessed.

    Admission platelet-to-hemoglobin ratio and 1-year outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention: a multicenter registry cohort study · 2026 · DOI

  • GLS was not routinely acquired or reported, and the archived examinations were insufficient for reliable retrospective strain analysis; therefore, contemporary GLS-based criteria for mild asymptomatic CTRCD could not be applied.

    Baseline SII and SIRI identify immune-inflammatory susceptibility and improve risk stratification of early subclinical cardiac dysfunction during non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor therapy · 2026 · DOI

  • Fourth, heterogeneity among PD-1/PD-L1 agents may affect biomarker associations and should be examined in larger datasets. Prospective, multicenter external validation is warranted.

    Linking systemic inflammation nutrition status to the tumor immune microenvironment: integrated biomarkers of neoadjuvant response in locally advanced rectal cancer · 2026 · DOI

  • The age range of the patient group was broader than that of the healthy control group, which might engender confounding on immune parameters. No formal power analysis was conducted before the study, which may limit generalizability. The study had a limited number of tissue sections for polarimetric analysis.

    The role of interleukins and immunological parameters in patients with colon cancer: an optical insight · 2026 · DOI

  • Current methods for diagnosing colon cancer may not be accurate or invasive enough. There is a need for accurate and less invasive biomarkers for colon cancer.

    The role of interleukins and immunological parameters in patients with colon cancer: an optical insight · 2026 · DOI

  • Future studies conducted in multiple centers are needed in order to determine the role of metabolic-inflammatory biomarkers in risk stratification of patients receiving immediate breast reconstruction post NAC.

    Preoperative metabolic–inflammatory profiles and early postoperative recovery after immediate breast reconstruction in patients with and without neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a retrospective cohort study · 2026 · DOI

  • However, the current evidence is limited by retrospective study designs, heterogeneous clinical settings, differences in CALLY measurement timing and numerical scaling, variable cut-off determination, and the absence of externally validated thresholds.

    C-reactive protein-albumin-lymphocyte index and survival outcomes in renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis · 2026 · DOI

  • Nevertheless, given the cross-sectional design, the temporal relationship and causal mechanisms between PAR and depression remain unclear. Further longitudinal studies and clinical investigations are warranted to clarify these associations and evaluate the potential clinical utility of PAR as an adjunctive biomarker for depression.

    Association between platelet-to-albumin ratio and major depressive disorder: findings from a Chinese clinical cohort supported by population-based evidence · 2026 · DOI

  • SII was calculated from a single baseline blood sample obtained during the first hospitalization before the initiation of treatment, and changes in inflammatory status during treatment or disease progression could not be assessed.

    Respiratory Versus Gastrointestinal Malignancies: Systemic Inflammation, Cardiovascular Burden, and All-Cause Mortality · 2026 · DOI

  • The occurrence of missing data was unavoidable due to the collaborative multi-agency nature of NHANES data collection. Reduced event numbers in each stratified group limited statistical power. The study had to handle extreme CLR values using Winsorization.

    C-reactive protein-to-lymphocyte ratio and stroke: associations with prevalence and subsequent mortality in NHANES 1999–2010 · 2026 · DOI

  • However, there are a number of pro-inflammatory pathophysiologic mechanisms that independently influence the outcome in post-TAVI patients that have been poorly studied and understood.

    Preprocedural Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index as a marker of risk for major adverse cardiac events and stroke after transcatheter aortic valve implantation · 2026 · DOI

Most-cited papers in Inflammatory Biomarkers in Disease Prognosis

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Open questions raised by papers listed on this page include: (1) Future research should focus on large-scale prospective studies to validate the diagnostic and prognostic value of systemic inflammatory biomarkers in GERD (“Systemic inflammatory biomarkers in gastroesophageal reflux disease: current…”, 2026); (2) Future prospective studies with repeated biomarker measurements and detailed clinical phenotyping are warranted to validate these findings and clarify the clinical relevance of RAR (“The association between adult red blood cell width to albumin ratio (RAR) and…”, 2026); (3) Larger studies are warranted to clarify the independent contribution of immunotherapy to increased vascular inflammation after treatment (“Delayed total-body [18F]FDG PET/CT demonstrates systemic vascular inflammation…”, 2026); (4) There is a need for novel biomarkers that are stable, objective, easily accessible, and reflect the disease activity (“Comparison and validation of systemic immune-inflammation index, C-reactive…”, 2026); (5) There is a need for convenient routine screening tools for early risk detection of stroke (“C-reactive protein-to-lymphocyte ratio and stroke: associations with prevalence…”, 2026). 973 gap statements have been mined from Inflammatory Biomarkers in Disease Prognosis papers in our 7.9M-paper local library, which holds 2,469 papers on the topic; the gaps come from whichever of those papers state one. They are mostly the research gaps the authors state and the papers' abstracts, plus future-work, limitations and challenges passages. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one, so you can read the original claim in context.

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