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Open research questions in Neonatal and fetal brain pathology

172 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 752 Neonatal and fetal brain pathology papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • Investigating the long-term effects of altered brain development, - Examining the relationship between altered brain development and neurodevelopmental outcomes, - Replicating the study with a larger sample size

    Structural Covariance Analysis of Altered Brain Development in Neonates With Congenital Heart Disease After Surgery · 2026 · DOI

  • INTRODUCTION: Consensus is lacking regarding the upper limit for a safe contraction frequency during labor.

    Contraction frequency and acidemia at birth: A case–control study · 2026 · DOI

  • However, studies demonstrating the direct relation between lactate and pH in FBS with the currently used measurement systems are lacking.

    Toward implementation of lactate compared with pH in fetal scalp blood sampling during labor: A clinical comparative single‐center study · 2026 · DOI

  • However, the regional and developmental patterns of expression of 5-HTR₇ following HI injury are not well understood.

    Alteration of Spinal Serotonin Receptors After Prenatal Hypoxia Ischemia in an Animal Model · 2026

  • The relationships between intrapartum FHR patterns and placental histopathology in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) remain uncertain.

    Placental pathology and its association with duration of abnormal fetal heart tracing in near‐term and term infants with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy: A retrospective study · 2025 · DOI

  • Future research should investigate the utility of multimodal assessment to improve risk stratification in labor.

    Placental pathology and its association with duration of abnormal fetal heart tracing in near‐term and term infants with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy: A retrospective study · 2025 · DOI

  • 1% of NIFECG traces were rejected due to signal loss, further research on improving the technology to reduce signal loss, and re-evaluating the criteria for rejecting traces is vital to achieve broader clinical implementation of NIFECG.

    Assessing signal loss, accuracy, and acceptability of an ambulatory fetal electrocardiography with cardiotocography in the antepartum and intrapartum phases · 2025 · DOI

  • However, more than five decades later, evidence supporting the evidence of intrapartum CTG in preventing neonatal and long-term childhood morbidity and mortality remains inconclusive.

    Advancements in Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring: A Report on Opportunities and Strategic Initiatives for Better Intrapartum Care · 2025 · DOI

  • An important limitation is its high false-positive rate and poor specificity, which undermines reliably identifying foetuses at risk of hypoxia-related injuries.

    Advancements in Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring: A Report on Opportunities and Strategic Initiatives for Better Intrapartum Care · 2025 · DOI

  • Despite their prevalence, PFMs remain insufficiently studied, and their underlying mechanisms are poorly understood.

    Echoes of Pregnancy: Maternal Perception of Phantom Fetal Movements After Childbirth · 2025 · DOI

  • Preterm birth is associated with an increased risk of executive function (EF) deficits, yet the underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear.

    Early life brain network connectivity antecedents of executive function in children born preterm · 2025 · DOI

  • Future research should focus on optimizing treatment approaches and evaluating long-term efficacy to enhance clinical applications.

    Paradigm shifts in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy therapeutics: a four-decade bibliometric exploration of emerging therapeutic dimensions (1985–2024) · 2025 · DOI

  • Introduction Enteral feeding during therapeutic hypothermia (TH) for neonatal hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE), is beneficial, but there is insufficient evidence to guide timing and feed advancement strategies.

    Minimal impact of feed intolerance during therapeutic hypothermia for hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy in a South African cohort with a standardised feeding regimen · 2025 · DOI

  • The variant is currently classified as a variant of uncertain significance due to insufficient evidence to determine its definitive role in these conditions.

    Lenticulostriate vasculopathy in newborns: whole genome sequencing data analysis · 2025 · DOI

  • Long-term developmental outcomes of term-born infants with isolated acidosis are lacking.

    Correlation of low birth pH with cognitive and language outcomes at two years · 2025 · DOI

  • Background: Mild hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) often goes undected due to the narrow therapeutic window, subtle or absent clinical signs, and the lack of standardized diagnostic criteria.

    Correlation of low birth pH with cognitive and language outcomes at two years · 2025 · DOI

  • Introduction Central venous pressure (CVP) monitoring provides valuable insights into hemodynamic changes; however, its application in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) undergoing advanced therapies remains underexplored.

    Central venous pressure dynamics in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: insights into high mean airway pressure, PPHN, and ECMO management · 2025 · DOI

  • Although a few studies reported that ECCS is a safe procedure for infants, there is limited research investigating the association between this procedure and neonatal IVH.

    En caul cesarean section for extremely low birth weight infants: a single-center, retrospective study · 2025 · DOI

  • While there is much published data on the epidemiology of perinatal asphyxia in African countries, there is a lack of data on this topic in Sudan, which is the third-largest country in Africa.

    Prevalence of perinatal asphyxia and its associated factors among live birth in Khartoum, Sudan: a hospital-based cross-sectional study · 2025 · DOI

  • There is limited research comparing placental histology for infants with HIE and healthy controls.

    Placental histology for infants with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy compared with healthy controls: a case-control study · 2025 · DOI

  • However, its association with neurodevelopment across the spectrum of IVH severity, independent of prematurity, and in the context of contemporary care remains uncertain.

    Intraventricular Hemorrhage and Survival, Multimorbidity, and Neurodevelopment · 2025 · DOI

  • Despite the lack of significant differences in the discharge rates, the higher mortality rate associated with LEV warrants further investigation.

    Comparative Outcomes of Levetiracetam and Phenobarbital Usage in the Treatment of Neonatal Seizures: A Retrospective Analysis · 2024 · DOI

  • Severe respiratory insufficiency and circulatory instability remain to be powerful contributors to the development of IVH.

    Does perinatal management have the potential to reduce the risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants? · 2024 · DOI

  • In clinical work, we have found that there are few reports on using CNSPs as biological signals in hypothermia for neonatal HIE.

    A biochemical feedback signal for hypothermia treatment for neonatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy: focusing on central nervous system proteins in biofluids · 2024 · DOI

  • Background: There are no guidelines regarding enteral feeding (EF) of infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) during and shortly after therapeutic hypothermia; consequently, clinical practice is, to date, still variable.

    Enteral nutritional strategy during therapeutic hypothermia: who? when? what? · 2024 · DOI

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172 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 752 Neonatal and fetal brain pathology papers in our library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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