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Open research questions in Nutritional Studies and Diet

89 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 1,671 Nutritional Studies and Diet papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • the percentage of energy derived from MUFAs was consistent with the TDG-2022 recommendations across all groups, the percentage of energy derived from PUFAs was below the TDG-2022 recommendations (7–10%). The cholesterol content of public and private hospital menus (306 and 315 mg, respectively) exceeds the TDG-2022 recommendations (<300 mg). In all groups, the vitamin B2, vitamin B6, calcium, magnesium, and potassium content of the menus was below the TDG- 2022 recommendations, while the sodium content exceeded the recommended 2000 mg. The vitamin C content of public and university hospital menus falls below the TDG-2022 recommendations. The vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B9, niacin equivalent, and iron content of the menus meet the TDG-2022 recommendations for all groups. Data on NAR and MAR scores used to evaluate the dietary quality of hospital menus are presented in Table 2. Calcium, magnesium (excluding those calculated for women), potassium and folate NAR scores were similar in public and university hospital menus but significantly lower than in private hospital menus (p<0.05). This significant difference corresponds to a small to moderate effect size 2 values ranging from 0.02 to 0.07). The NAR score ( calculated for vitamin B12 was similar in the public and η university hospital groups but significantly higher than 2=0.06). that of the private hospital group (p<0.001, The NAR scores for calcium, magnesium (calculated only for men), potassium (calculated only for men), and folate η 5 s p u o r g n e e w t e b e c n e r e f f i d t n a c i f i n g s y i l l a c i t s i t a t s a e t a c d n i i w o r e m a s e h t n o s t p i r c s r e p u s e s a c r e w o l t n e r e f f i D. d e s u s a w, e t a i r p o r p p a s i r e v e h c h w i ’,) t s e t 2 T s e n a h m a T c o h t s o p ( t s e t s i l l l a W a k s u r K * r o Kılınç A and Bıyıklı AE. Evaluatıon of The Dıetary Qualıty Of Hospıtal Menus) 2 η ( d e r a u q S a t E 5 0 0. 5 0 0. 2 0 0. 2 0 0. 4 0 0 0. 1 0 0. 7 0 0. 3 0 0. 3 0 0. 1 0 0. Clin Sci Nutr. 2026; Early View:1-11 2 0 0. 2 0 0. 2 0 0. 2 0 0. 4 1 0 0. 3 2 0 0. 3 3 0 0. 1 4 0 0. 3 0 0. 5 0 0 0.. 8 4 7 - 1. 6 6. b 5 4 2 ± 5 0 7.. 5 6 8 - 4 8 7.. b 6 2 2 ± 5 2 8. 6. 1 9 - 6 4 8.. b 6 9 1 ± 2 8 8.. 7 4 8 - 5 6 7.. a 2 3 2 ± 6 0 8.. 3 2 7 - 5 6 6.. b 4 6 1 ± 4 9 6.. 9 8 6 - 4 3 6.,. b a 3 5 1 ± 1. 6 6 5 6 - 2 6 5. 1. 8 7 - 9 8 6.. a 5 4 2 ± 6 0 6.. a 3 5 2 ± 5 3 7. 2. 1 7 - 9 2 6. 6.

    Evaluation of the dietary quality of selected public, university, and private hospital menus · 2026 · DOI

  • Background Taste perception–related genetic variants may influence dietary behavior and energy balance; however, their relationship with body mass index (BMI) remains unclear.

    Explainable machine learning reveals the role of taste-related genetic variants in body mass index: a nutrigenetic perspective · 2026 · DOI

  • However, the precise mechanisms underlying the relationship between numbing–spicy food consumption and hyperuricemia remain unclear. Prospective studies are warranted to validate and elucidate these findings. Future prospective cohort studies are warranted to confirm temporal relationships, and mechanistic investigations should examine the direct effects of combined sanshool and capsaicin on uric acid metabolism in vivo.

    Association between numbing-spicy related dietary behavior and hyperuricemia in a Southwestern Chinese population · 2026 · DOI

  • Observational studies have suggested that dietary habits may influence ovarian cancer risk, but Mendelian randomization (MR) evidence remains limited.

    Causal assessment of 187 dietary habits with ovarian cancer from multiple sources via Mendelian randomization and meta-analysis · 2026 · DOI

  • Cautionary note: These implications are derived from rural Heilongjiang and should be validated before generalization to other regions. Geographic generalizability: The data are limited to rural Heilongjiang Province (2022).

    How does capital endowment affect dietary quality in rural elderly? Evidence from Heilongjiang Province, China · 2026 · DOI

  • Similar findings were present in a short food frequency questionnaire (DFI-FFQ) to identify low, medium and high dietary fibre intakes in New Zealand; however, this research was limited by the number of dietary fibre-rich food categories (vegetables, fruits, breads + cereals, nuts + seeds, legumes) [27]. 0% of the UK population meet dietary fibre recommendations [2]; therefore, this tool is warranted and could highlight gaps in consumption habits to drive future strategies to increase intake.

    Closing the dietary fibre gap - developing a novel dietary fibre screening tool (SCREEN-IT) for the UK population: validity, reproducibility and usability insights · 2026 · DOI

  • Existing cross-country studies in this region are scarce and rely on broader “healthy/unhealthy diet indices”, which limit the ability to detect nuanced differences between specific food groups [16].

    Dietary patterns among university students in Central Europe: a comparison between Slovakia and Poland · 2026 · DOI

  • This framework is intended as a conceptual assessment pathway and should be tested in future dietary-pattern studies. Regional application may also be constrained by uneven dietary data, limited information on food price and seasonal availability, differences in local research capacity, and difficulty measuring feasibility, acceptability, and transferability in a standardized way. The DBI_22 and EastDiet examples are used to illustrate how the framework can organize existing evidence; they do not constitute a formal validation of the checklist. Future work should test whether this framework improves the consistency, transparency, and usefulness of dietary-pattern translation across Chinese regions.

    A regional framework for defining and translating healthy dietary patterns in China · 2026 · DOI

  • Although structural barriers to healthy eating are widely documented, little is known about how perceived barriers and dietary self-efficacy influence FV intake in high-risk populations, especially in a country like India.

    Perceived barriers to healthy eating and self-efficacy among Indian adults at high risk of type 2 diabetes: a secondary analysis of the K-DPP study · 2026 · DOI

  • This investigation is the first study conducted in Saudi Arabia to assess dietitians’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding FDIs and DNIs, and to examine their as- sociations with professional and demographic characteristics. Data were collected using a modified questionnaire that demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability, enhanc- ing its suitability for the target population and its ability to capture the study objectives. Nevertheless, several limitations should be considered when interpreting the findings. First, the cross-sectional design precludes the establishment of causal relationships be- tween knowledge, attitudes, practices, and their associated factors [36,37]. Second, the convenience sampling approach [38], and online distribution of the questionnaire through professional digital platforms may have disproportionately reached dietitians who are more digitally engaged and professionally networked, potentially overestimating FDI and DNI knowledge and practice levels relative to the broader dietetics workforce. Consequently, although participants were recruited from multiple regions of Saudi Arabia, the absence of probability-based sampling means that the term “national” should be interpreted cau- tiously, as the findings may not be fully representative of all practicing dietitians in the Kingdom [39,40]. Related to this, the online survey format precludes the calculation of a precise response rate, as the total number of dietitians who received and viewed the invitation cannot be determined, introducing a further source of non-response bias [40]. Third, the reliance on self-reported data for the attitude and practice sections may have introduced social desirability bias, whereby participants overreported favorable attitudes or positive clinical behaviors [41]. To mitigate guessing bias in the knowledge section, an “I don’t know” response option was included, consistent with recommendations for healthcare KAP surveys [42]. Fourth, the analyses relied on bivariate statistical tests and did not include multivariable regression models to control for potential confounders or interrelationships among variables such as age, years of experience, and graduation year. Future studies employing ordinal or multinomial logistic regression are recommended to identify independent predictors of knowledge, attitudes, and practices while adjusting for covariates. Fifth, while construct validity was not formally assessed through confirmatory factor analysis—given that the instrument was adapted from a previously validated tool rather than newly developed—the adapted questionnaire demonstrated acceptable content validity and internal consistency reliability, as described in the Methods section. Future research employing longitudinal or interventional designs is recommended to evaluate the impact of structured educational and training programs on improving dietitians’ FDI and DNI competencies, and registry-based random sampling stratified by region and profes- sional setting would substantially strengthen the representativeness and generalizability of findings.

    Dietitians’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Food–Drug and Drug–Nutrient Interactions in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study · 2026 · DOI

  • This exploratory study only included a small number of par- ticipants, all of whom were young and healthy. Furthermore, the influence of BMI on gastric emptying could not be investigated properly due to mostly normal weight participants. Although procured from the same restaurants, the com- position of the meals varied slightly. Moreover, only the gastric content volume was assessed by MRI, and not intestinal filling, too, as suggested by Tröger et al. [10], as reliable assessment of intestinal filling by MRI was not possible.

    Gastric emptying times of high-fat, high-carbohydrate and high-protein standard meals using MRI examinations – a contribution to estimating the time since death · 2026 · DOI

  • Although the current implementation is limited by dataset size and lacks personalization, it provides a simple and efficient solution Future work will focus on improving model accuracy, incorporating personalized health data, and integrating real-time monitoring systems International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.

    Impact of Nutritional Factors on Blood Glucose Levels in Diabetic Patients · 2026 · DOI

  • DEVA ASHOK KUMAR, MATTAPARTHI PARDHA ABHIRAM, PAIDIKONDALA DURGA NAGA SRI, SANGULA JAHNAVI PRIYANKA, KOPPAKA NAGASRI Department of Artificial Intelligence And Data Science / West Godavari Institute of Science and Engineering / Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, Tadepalligudem, India How to Cite this Article: KUMAR, D. A., ABHIRAM, M. P., SRI, P. D. N., PRIYANKA, S. J. & NAGASRI, K. (2026).

    An Integrated Artificial Intelligence Framework for Visual Food Understanding, Quality Safety Assessment, and Individualized Dietary Recommendation · 2026 · DOI

  • Background: The effects of dietary copper and magnesium intake, the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI), and the systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) on stroke risk in the elderly remain unclear.

    The Associations of Dietary Copper and Magnesium Intake, Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index, and Systemic Inflammation Response Index with Stroke Risk in the Elderly · 2025 · DOI

  • Nonetheless, evidence on which individual factors orient professionals toward either approach is currently lacking for dietetics students and registered dietitians (RDN).

    Predictors of dietary orientation among registered dietitians and dietetics students · 2024 · DOI

  • Yet, the unique dietary and nutritional needs and recommendations specific to individuals with SCI/D and their eating beliefs and behaviors have been understudied.

    Nutrition and eating beliefs and behaviors among individuals with spinal cord injuries and disorders: Healthy or misconceived? · 2024 · DOI

  • CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The outcomes of this study warrant further investigation to determine what interventions provide the strongest outcomes for improving nutrition knowledge and diet quality, as well as create and support an environment that enhances healthy behaviors regarding nutrition that lead to improved diet quality among active-duty Soldiers.

    Nutrition Knowledge Is Associated With Diet Quality Among US Army Soldiers · 2023 · DOI

  • Although American dietary habits and underlying food production practices have a disproportionately negative impact on land, greenhouse gas (GHG), and water resources, there is limited information on how this population can meet the EAT-Lancet criteria.

    Meeting EAT-Lancet Food Consumption, Nutritional, and Environmental Health Standards: A U.S. Case Study across Racial and Ethnic Subgroups · 2020 · DOI

  • Although following a low-sodium diet (LSD) for heart failure (HF) has been recommended for decades, little is known about factors related to long-term patient adherence.

    Long-Term Adherence to Low-Sodium Diet in Patients With Heart Failure · 2016 · DOI

  • There is a lack of evidence to clarify the relationship of dairy and cereal products, different types of carbohydrates, micronutrients naturally found in foods vs supplements, industrial trans-fats, food preparation and handling techniques and dietary patterns and cancer, in order to implement safe cancer prevention strategies.

    The role of diet in cancer: the epidemiologic link · 2016 · DOI

  • CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that greater spatial accessibility to food outlets comprising the local food environment in Hawaii may not be meaningfully associated with fruit and vegetable consumption; however, associations were detected for the smallest spatial scale examined, warranting further investigation.

    Food Outlet Accessibility and Fruit and Vegetable Consumption · 2012 · DOI

  • Although use of recall methodology remains to be the most feasible strategy in these settings, there is great need to develop more creative and less dependent means of accurate dietary assessment, which are culturally suitable in impoverished regions of the world, and particularly among low-literacy populations.

    Dietary assessment in Africa: Integration with innovative technology · 2011 · DOI

  • ”2 People with serious mental illness (SMI) have a higher prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors, including rates of obesity almost twice that of the general population3,4 The interactions between genotype and environment are complex and poorly understood.

    Motivation-Based Interventions for Obesity in Serious Mental Illness · 2011 · DOI

  • BACKGROUND: Although a wealth of literature links dietary factors and coronary heart disease (CHD), the strength of the evidence supporting valid associations has not been evaluated systematically in a single investigation.

    A Systematic Review of the Evidence Supporting a Causal Link Between Dietary Factors and Coronary Heart Disease · 2009 · DOI

  • BACKGROUND: Although substantial information on individual nutrients or foods and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) is available, little is known about the role of overall eating pattern.

    Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women · 2001 · DOI

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89 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 1,671 Nutritional Studies and Diet papers in our library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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