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Open research questions in Ovarian cancer diagnosis and treatment

154 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 685 Ovarian cancer diagnosis and treatment papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • The patient presented with acute abdominal pain and a huge adnexal cystic-solid mass. The tumour markers were elevated, but the diagnosis was challenging due to the rarity of the condition. The authors had to balance the need for emergency surgery with the need to preserve fertility.

    Spontaneous rupture of a mucinous borderline ovarian tumour in late pregnancy: a case report · 2026 · DOI

  • The lack of a definitive therapeutic algorithm for advanced ovarian cancer. The need for validated genetic tests to identify homologous recombination repair deficiency (HRD). The limited understanding of the role of tumor biomarkers in tailoring the approach to advanced ovarian cancer.

    The Role of Tumor Biomarkers in Tailoring the Approach to Advanced Ovarian Cancer · 2024 · DOI

  • Limited to a single case report, - No control group, - No long-term follow-up data

    Spontaneous rupture of a mucinous borderline ovarian tumour in late pregnancy: a case report · 2026 · DOI

  • Furthermore, the STIC subtypes showed distinct histologic and molecular characteristics that warrant further investigation to develop a deeper understanding of the molecular and cellular processes driving the evolution of STIC heterogeneity, which may facilitate the development of early diagnostic approaches for HGSC.

    Not All STICs Are Equal: Unraveling the Implications of Precursor Heterogeneity · 2026 · DOI

  • Deep learning has shown promising results in the detection of ovarian cancer in ultrasound images; however, external validation is lacking.

    International multicenter validation of AI-driven ultrasound detection of ovarian cancer · 2025 · DOI

  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) may be used for further evaluation if ultrasound findings are inconclusive or if malignancy is suspected, especially in older adolescents.

    The Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Management of Ovarian Cysts, Masses, and Their Complications in Fetuses, Infants, Children, and Adolescents · 2025 · DOI

  • Current anti-cancer therapy is insufficient to completely treat metastatic ovarian cancer due to its high rates of recurrence and resistance.

    Advanced Therapeutic Approaches for Metastatic Ovarian Cancer · 2025 · DOI

  • Calprotectin has an inferior specificity to Ca125 and is not yet established as a biomarker, whilst there is very limited evidence available for MSI.

    Molecular Biomarkers in Borderline Ovarian Tumors: Towards Personalized Treatment and Prognostic Assessment · 2025 · DOI

  • Abstract Background The evidence on the relationship of dietary antioxidant nutrients with the survival of ovarian cancer (OC) remains scarce.

    Association of pre- and post-diagnosis dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) with overall survival in patients with ovarian cancer: a prospective cohort study · 2025 · DOI

  • Future research should focus on expanding the utility of biomarkers, reducing resistance, and increasing the actionable biomarker pool.

    The Role of Tumor Biomarkers in Tailoring the Approach to Advanced Ovarian Cancer · 2024 · DOI

  • However, previous studies have presented contradictory and unverified results, with the authors emphasizing that future research is needed.

    Alpha-fetoprotein level in fetuses, infants, and children with ovarian masses: a literature review · 2024 · DOI

  • Disease recurrence following chemotherapy is a major clinical challenge in ovarian cancer (OC), but little is known regarding how the tumour epigenome regulates transcriptional programs underpinning chemoresistance.

    The chromatin landscape of high-grade serous ovarian cancer metastasis identifies regulatory drivers in post-chemotherapy residual tumour cells · 2024 · DOI

  • Few studies exist in the literature describing the clinical presentation as well as the management of OT in the emergency department (ED).

    Ovarian torsion: A retrospective case series at a tertiary care center emergency department · 2024 · DOI

  • The patient's obesity and young age presented technical challenges during surgery. The large size of the ovarian cyst presented a challenge for surgical removal. The need to preserve ovarian function while removing the cyst presented a challenge.

    Case Report: Minimally invasive management of torsion in a giant ovarian cyst in an obese child: a single-port approach combined with extracorporeal cystectomy · 2026 · DOI

  • The current treatment approaches for ovarian torsion in pediatric patients may not be suitable for all cases, particularly in obese patients. There is a need for novel approaches that can reduce the risk of complications and preserve ovarian function.

    Case Report: Minimally invasive management of torsion in a giant ovarian cyst in an obese child: a single-port approach combined with extracorporeal cystectomy · 2026 · DOI

  • The need for histological verification in malignant ovarian neoplasms. The limitation of radical cytoreductive surgery in women with advanced disease.

    CORE-NEEDLE BIOPSY UNDER ULTRASOUND GUIDANCE AS A METHOD OF HISTOLOGICAL VERIFICATION IN MALIGNANT OVARIAN NEOPLASMS · 2026 · DOI

  • Operator variability and limited reliability of ultrasound are challenges in evaluating adnexal masses. The heterogeneity between models used in different studies is a challenge in comparing results.

    Diagnostic Performance of Computed Tomography-Based Machine Learning Models in the Classification of Adnexal Masses - A Systematic Review · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research should focus on developing more accurate and reliable machine learning models for classifying adnexal masses. The use of larger datasets and more advanced algorithms could improve diagnostic accuracy.

    Diagnostic Performance of Computed Tomography-Based Machine Learning Models in the Classification of Adnexal Masses - A Systematic Review · 2026 · DOI

  • Further multicenter research is necessary to establish standardized adjuvant therapy protocols. Integrating dual-marker staining into routine pathological assessment is essential to optimize clinical outcomes.

    Ovarian borderline mucinous tumor with carcinosarcomatous mural nodule: a case report of a rare entity and review of the literature · 2026 · DOI

  • No harmonization or normalization across vendors was performed. The study had a limited sample size. The methodological choice of pooling ADC values from both vendors together has been acknowledged as a limitation.

    Adding apparent diffusion coefficient to the ovarian-adnexal reporting and data system MRI: a trade-off between sensitivity and specificity · 2026 · DOI

  • The O-RADS MRI system faces a critical limitation: specificity may be reduced in certain benign and borderline lesions. There is a need to improve the diagnostic performance of O-RADS MRI for adnexal lesion characterization.

    Adding apparent diffusion coefficient to the ovarian-adnexal reporting and data system MRI: a trade-off between sensitivity and specificity · 2026 · DOI

  • Most AI models developed for ovarian and pancreatic cancer have not yet been translated into clinical practice. Limited and non-public imaging datasets, low disease prevalence, and the absence of FDA-qualified imaging biomarkers are major challenges. Concerns about data quality, bias, and transparency highlight the need for more interpretable and reliable models.

    Artificial intelligence in ovarian cancer: advancing in precision diagnosis and clinical management · 2026 · DOI

  • Developing more effective multimodal AI models for ovarian cancer diagnosis and management. Addressing the challenges and limitations of translating AI models into clinical practice. Exploring the application of AI approaches for other types of cancer.

    Artificial intelligence in ovarian cancer: advancing in precision diagnosis and clinical management · 2026 · DOI

  • Acronym-based public health campaigns like BEAT may play a role in improving ovarian cancer symptom aware- ness through simplicity, memorability, and reaching a wide audience. Although BEAT is the most widely used tool for ovarian cancer symptom awareness in Ireland and the UK, and has been running since 2010, comparative stud- ies assessing BEAT’s effectiveness against non-acronym- based awareness campaigns in ovarian cancer are lacking, i.e., does a simple acronym like BEAT outperform detailed symptom lists or does it eclipse other key symptoms (e.g. fatigue)? Despite the long-standing existence of BEAT, it also remains unclear how the campaign has affected behav- iour or outcomes in practice. Measuring the effectiveness of symptom-based awareness campaigns is inherently chal- lenging, requiring large-scale surveys and longitudinal follow-up, which are costly and slow. Additional research, further than just symptom recall, is required to explore the impact of BEAT on stage at diagnosis, referral rates, and mortality rates to assess its true efficacy. Evaluating whether women with an ovarian cancer diagnosis recall awareness campaigns like BEAT, and whether clinicians themselves are familiar with the acronym, would also offer valuable insight into how effectively the campaign is reaching those it aims to influence. The evolution of BEAT presents an excit- ing frontier. Judging by other acronym-based campaigns (e.g. FAST), it has the potential to instigate meaningful change in the recognition of ovarian cancer symptoms in a timely manner. As BEAT spreads, it carries with it hope – that greater awareness can result in swifter action, and ulti- mately, to lives changed. Acknowledgements We thank all patient partners who contributed quotations and confirmed their approval of how these were presented in the manuscript. We also thank the Irish Network for Gynaecological Oncology (INGO) members, Ovacome, and OvaCare. Funding Open Access funding provided by the IReL Consortium. The first author Faye Lewis is funded by the North-South Research Pro- gramme administered by the Higher Education Authority on behalf of the Department of Further and Higher Education, Research, Innova- tion and Science and the Shared Island Fund (CLuB: The All-Ireland Cancer Liquid Biopsies Consortium https://www.clubcancer.ie). Data Availability The manuscript does not contain associated data. Competing Interests The authors declare no competing interests. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit h t t p : / / c r e a t i v e c o m m o n s . o r g / l i c e n s e s / b y / 4 . 0 / .

    Memorable Medicine: How the BEAT Campaign could Impact the Future of Ovarian Cancer · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper identifies a gap in the literature on the use of FDG PET/CT in evaluating incidental ovarian lesions. The paper highlights the need for awareness of incidental ovarian pathologies encountered during PET/CT examinations.

    Incidentally Detected Ovarian Teratoma on Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT Scanning in a Patient With Gastric Cancer · 2026 · DOI

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154 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 685 Ovarian cancer diagnosis and treatment papers in our library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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