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Open research questions in Poisoning and overdose treatments

181 gap statements mined from Poisoning and overdose treatments papers in our 7.9M-paper local library, which holds 1,596 papers on the topic — drawn mostly from each paper's own stated research gap, future-work, challenge and limitation notes, and its abstract. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one.

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What the literature leaves open

  • According to the limited data on ethephon poisoning in humans within the literature in English, this study, which described 252 patients, is one of the largest conducted regarding ethephon poisoning.

    Ethephon Poisoning: Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes · 2025 · DOI

  • The near-universal presence of cardiorespiratory symptoms in this class suggests that these children face the highest mortality risk and require prioritized access to intensive care and dialysis when resources are scarce.

    Clinical phenotypes and severity stratification in pediatric diethylene glycol poisoning: a latent class analysis of the Gambia acute kidney injury outbreak · 2026 · DOI

  • Although the exact causes remain undetermined, factors including regional variation among caregivers’ knowledge, family size, and socioeconomic status may contribute.

    Caregivers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding household product safety and poisoning prevention in children in Saudi Arabia · 2026 · DOI

  • Although most cases are related to accidental exposure, the contributing contextual factors are not always clearly defined, and epidemiological and clinical data remain limited.

    Cannabinoids intoxication in children: a five-year retrospective study in Palermo Pediatric Hospital (Italy) · 2026 · DOI

  • Although the present report is limited by the unavailability of the medical records, it suggests that the intoxication may have caused death through another mechanism.

    Acetaminophen pharmacobezoar following a massive suicidal ingestion · 2025 · DOI

  • Limited studies, if any, have examined the impact of specific OTC medication toxicities in the pediatric population.

    Over-the-counter analgesic-related exposure and toxicity in pediatrics · 2024 · DOI

  • Clinical studies in human subjects are needed to validate findings currently only demonstrated in rodent models regarding PEG absorption from airways.

    Successful Management of Chemical Pneumonitis Due to Accidental Aspiration of Polyethylene Glycol in a Child · 2026 · DOI

  • A potential safety gap in regions where amantadine remains available over-the-counter. The need for further pharmacoepidemiologic investigation to understand the risks of self-medication in patients with chronic kidney disease.

    Toxic encephalopathy due to self-administration of over-the-counter amantadine: a case report of a patient undergoing maintenance hemodialysis and safety alert · 2026 · DOI

  • Third, clinical outcomes were determined only based on symptoms and laboratory indicators without standardized grading using PSS, lacking a unified quantitative tool, which may lead to subjective judgment and affect the accuracy and comparability of the results.

    Characteristics and trends of acute poisoning in emergency departments: a single-center retrospective study in Zunyi, China (2021–2024) · 2026 · DOI

  • Lipid emulsion therapy may be considered for highly lipid-soluble agents such as verapamil, although evidence is inconsistent. Levosimendan has been reported to improve calcium sensitivity in overdose, but evidence remains limited.

    Calcium Channel Blocker Overdose With Cardiogenic Shock · 2026 · DOI

  • This coding constraint also resulted in a lack of data regarding specific clinical interventions, such as CPR requirements or hemodialysis indications.

    Evaluation of Poisoning Cases Followed at Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Faculty of Medicine Dursun Odabaş Medical Center: An Eight-Year Retrospective Analysis · 2026 · DOI

  • Yellow phosphorus is a highly toxic rodenticide. Adolescent ingestions are often impulsive and associated with emotional distress. There is a lack of specific antidotes for yellow phosphorus poisoning.

    Yellow phosphorus poisoning in an adolescent: a case of acute hepatic and cardiac failure · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a lack of specific antidotes for yellow phosphorus poisoning. The exact mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction in yellow phosphorus poisoning are not fully understood.

    Yellow phosphorus poisoning in an adolescent: a case of acute hepatic and cardiac failure · 2026 · DOI

  • This case report supports the need for further study of PMI using immunoassay ELISA in PMI estimation: a larger casuistry with different causes of death, sampling from different muscles including regenerative / non-regenerative skeletal muscle and control group, could offer validation for ELISA values as benchmark reference within the studied PMI range.

    Death in Epilepsy: Ictogenic Vs. Cardiogenic Mechanisms and Immunoassays in Postmortem Interval Estimation – Case Report · 2026 · DOI

  • The lack of awareness about the risks of Internet-based pseudotherapies. The difficulty in diagnosing Amanita phalloides poisoning due to non-specific symptoms and delayed laboratory results. The need for interdisciplinary management involving neurologists, psychiatrists, and toxicologists.

    Epileptic seizure after ingesting a death cap mushroom in the course of online pseudotherapy for mood disorders – case report · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a lack of awareness about the risks of Internet-based pseudotherapies.

    Epileptic seizure after ingesting a death cap mushroom in the course of online pseudotherapy for mood disorders – case report · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a need to evaluate age-specific risk factors for poisoning. There is a lack of data on the demographic and clinical characteristics of pediatric patients admitted to the emergency department due to poisoning.

    Evaluation of Patients Admitted to Pediatric Emergency Department due to Poisoning · 2026 · DOI

  • Although these findings are limited by case‐level evidence, publication bias, and confounding co‐interventions, they support continued consideration of ILE as a last‐resort rescue therapy in selected life‐threatening BB/CCB poisonings rather than routine early intervention.

    Intravenous Lipid Emulsion in Beta‐Blocker With or Without Calcium Channel Blocker Toxicity: A Systematic Review of Human Case Reports and Series · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a need for early clinical recognition and prompt treatment of organophosphate poisoning. There is a lack of availability of plasma butyrylcholinesterase, red blood cell acetylcholinesterase, and toxicological confirmation testing.

    Intentional Large-Volume Diazinon Ingestion Complicated by Seizure and Acute Respiratory Failure: A Case Report · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a lack of awareness about the potential toxicity of propafenone. There is a need for more research on the management of propafenone toxicity.

    Akútna toxicita propafenónu / Acute propafenone toxicity · 2026 · DOI

  • Limited evidence-based tools for early risk stratification at triage. Lack of characterization of epidemiological trends in acute poisoning in children.

    Independent risk factors for clinically significant acute poisoning in children presenting to the emergency department: a 4-year cohort study of 2,345 cases · 2026 · DOI

  • The definite incidence of RCVS is still unknown, probably because it is under-and/or misdiagnosed. There is a lack of studies on the safety profile of decongestants, specifically the reporting frequency of PRES and RCVS.

    The onset of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) with the use of decongestant agents: a European pharmacovigilance analysis · 2026 · DOI

  • Currently, only a few reports are available concerning BAC poisoning in this species.

    A case of severe benzalkonium chloride intoxication in a cat · 2024 · DOI

  • The permeability of PEG in the gastrointestinal tract and the pulmonary epithelium differs, and most of the PEG is absorbed quickly from the airways, leaving the role of BAL doubtful, which is only substantiated by studies in rodent models.

    Successful Management of Chemical Pneumonitis Due to Accidental Aspiration of Polyethylene Glycol in a Child · 2026 · DOI

  • Finally, this study did not account for time of presentation or season of the year in addition to other commonly considered throughput modifiers such as peak volumes, variation of average acuity in the department, and general hospital throughput including severity of boarding of admitted patients in the ED having a ripple effect on resource demand.

    Length of Stay of Emergency Department Patients with Stimulant Intoxication Receiving Intravenous Fluid · 2026 · DOI

Most-cited papers in Poisoning and overdose treatments

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Open questions raised by papers listed on this page include: (1) The near-universal presence of cardiorespiratory symptoms in this class suggests that these children face the highest mortality risk and require prioritized access to intensive care and dialysis when resources are scarce (“Clinical phenotypes and severity stratification in pediatric diethylene glycol…”, 2026); (2) Although most cases are related to accidental exposure, the contributing contextual factors are not always clearly defined, and epidemiological and clinical data remain limited (“Cannabinoids intoxication in children: a five-year retrospective study in…”, 2026); (3) Clinical studies in human subjects are needed to validate findings currently only demonstrated in rodent models regarding PEG absorption from airways (“Successful Management of Chemical Pneumonitis Due to Accidental Aspiration of…”, 2026); (4) Levosimendan has been reported to improve calcium sensitivity in overdose, but evidence remains limited (“Calcium Channel Blocker Overdose With Cardiogenic Shock”, 2026); (5) This coding constraint also resulted in a lack of data regarding specific clinical interventions, such as CPR requirements or hemodialysis indications (“Evaluation of Poisoning Cases Followed at Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Faculty of…”, 2026). 181 gap statements have been mined from Poisoning and overdose treatments papers in our 7.9M-paper local library, which holds 1,596 papers on the topic; the gaps come from whichever of those papers state one. They are mostly the research gaps the authors state and the papers' abstracts, plus future-work, limitations and challenges passages. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one, so you can read the original claim in context.

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