Open research questions in Racial and Ethnic Identity Research

What the literature leaves open

• Future research should explore diverse female experiences across different educational and cultural contexts to inform policies and interventions that are inclusive, equitable, and attuned to the complexities…

  Hyperactive Education: Negotiating ADHD as an Undiagnosed Middle Eastern Female Student · 2026 · DOI

• Future research should examine how other ethnic-racial identity dimensions may relate to ethnic self-identification longi- tudinally to provide more insight into how these complex processes unfold over time. For instance, future work may examine how exploration and label use are bidirectionally associated across time and across developmental stage or examine relations between trajectories of labeling and cen- trality to better understand the co-development – or lack thereof – in these identity-related processes. , 2014), was not investigated.

  Am I Mexican or Mexican American? Longitudinal Changes in Ethnic Label Use from Ages 10 to 26 · 2026 · DOI

• Prior literature has found that immigrant women are engaging in alcohol use, albeit less than their male counterparts, however it was not well understood whether discrimination played a role [37, 38].

  Assessing the Association Between Discrimination and Alcohol Use by Gender Among Latino/a Immigrant Parents: A Cross-sectional Study · 2026 · DOI

• Abstract Despite the plethora of evidence on the association of parental ethnic‐racial socialization (ERS) and ethnic minority youth's mental health, the physiological stress‐response mechanism that may explain such link has been rarely studied.

  Ethnic‐racial socialization and ethnic minority youth's hair cortisol concentration · 2026 · DOI

• While this heuristic case identified the gap between institutional EDID discourse and students’ lived realities, it also raised critical questions that warrant further investigation.

  Intersectional realities · 2026 · DOI

• Future research should examine the mechanisms through which such adaptation occurs, including whether perceived benefits reflect personal agency, social acceptance, reduced exposure to stigma, or accommodation to persistent colorist norms. 6 Limitations This study has several limitations. 7 Strengths and future directions Despite its limitations, this study’s strengths include its explicit grounding in postcolo- nial theory, its integration of mixed methods, and its focus on an understudied popu- lation. Relatedly, the study generated limited information on individuals who may experience SLPs as adaptive, empowering, or socially beneficial without accompanying distress.

  Qualitative examination of stressors and facilitators of skin lightening practices on mental well-being among emerging Filipino adults · 2026 · DOI

• While we offer new and meaningful findings for understanding the impact of COVID-19 discrimination on the well-being of Asian Americans and on social identity, it is not without its limitations. Our research utilized a cross-sectional design; thus, it remains un­ clear how COVID-19-related discrimination will affect Asian individuals’ identification and well-being in the long term. Future research should examine the long-term effect of COVID-related discrimination. Further, no research has tested the RIM and RIDM on Asians and Asian Americans prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is unclear whether the phenomenon observed in our study is unique to Asian Americans or to the COVID-19 pandemic. Future research should aim to test how discrimination unrelated to COVID-19 may affect Asian Americans’ identification. If the effect is unique to Asian Americans and not the pandemic, it would be interesting to examine other coping strategies that Asian Americans may be engaging in if they are not turning toward their group for support. Finally, our results may not generalize to other racial and ethnic groups. Future research should aim to examine these pathways among Hispanic/Latino Americans.

  Neither Asian nor American: How COVID-19 impacted Asian Americans’ identity and well-being · 2026 · DOI

• To enable resistance, accountability, reflection, imagination, speculation, and accountability, we have several actionable recommendations for several audiences. Health care systems—and pediatric systems in particular—that work directly with children with disabilities must take responsibility for perpetuating ABR and upholding white supremacy. Public apologies can be an effective tool to employ with communities that have experienced betrayal 84 MAY 2026Vol. 51 No. 2JOURNAL OF CHILDHOOD STUDIESARTICLES FROM RESEARCH and broken trust (Folmer et al., 2021). Again, in the spirit of accountability, we call on health care providers and health systems everywhere to immediately terminate any use of colourism, biological determinism, and racist stereotypes and assumptions about Black mothers in the various spaces they converge with their children with disabilities. This could be achieved through educational training, workshops, and seminars for health care staff in health care spaces about how and why microaggressions and racist assumptions may be traumatizing for racialized people. We urge the careful use of reflexive language with Black mothers, and ongoing health care provider and educator training on the dangers of white privilege and its impact on Black communities. Developing reflexive language means examining our everyday speech and language practices used with patients with the view to identifying assumptions and projections about others. It also means attending to obvious and subtler racisms and microaggressions such as assuming that a racialized person does not know how to dress for cold weather. We encourage Black families to continue resisting the presence of ABR in health spaces and health providers to reimagine new ways of engaging with Black families that honour the wisdom of Black elders and families. At all times, we urge the use of radical listening and humility to learn from and with Black communities in hospital spaces.

  “Blackness, Blood, and Borders:” Anti-Black Racism in Disabled Children’s Health Care Spaces as Epistemic Violence · 2026 · DOI

• literature, which enhanced This study is characterized by strengths and limitations. One of its key strengths is our use of an explicit, predefined protocol to guide the review of the transparency, reproducibility, and the methodological rigour of the research process. Additionally, the exhaustive interdisciplinary text corpus retrieved (n=54) enabled us to include diverse perspectives on the concept of interest, thereby enriching the concept analysis. The credibility of the findings was further strengthened by involving two examiners in the data analysis, which helped minimise potential bias. Moreover, the presence of a researcher with lived experience on our team contributed valuable experiential insights, enhancing the interpretation of the findings through a more inclusive and reflexive lens. The main limitation of the study lies in the method we used to conduct the concept analysis, which has been criticized for potentially oversimplifying complex concepts (Weaver & Mitcham, 2008). While some authors recommend the use of complementary analysis methods to address this Studies in Social Justice, Volume 20, Issue 1, 41-60, 2026 Sanism: A Conceptual Analysis 55 issue (Gunawan et al., 2023), we did not employ such approaches in this study. Another limitation of our analysis is that all the texts examined originate from Western academic contexts, which may have introduced cultural bias and provided only limited lived-experience accounts of sanism. Furthermore, the concept analysis has not been empirically validated, which limits the extent to which the findings can be applied in practice. Finally, the results of this concept analysis should be viewed as temporary, given that concepts are continually evolving (Walker & Avant, 2019).

  Sanism: A Conceptual Analysis · 2026 · DOI

• The original scoping review was limited to studies pub- lished before 2021, while the supplemental search was limited to studies published between 2021 and 2024 and did not include the systematic protocol used for the scop- ing review. While the original scoping review included a wide date range, few studies were published in the ‘60 s and ‘70 s, when the passing of the Civil Rights Act was more recent and public attitudes towards antiracism and DEI were still unfavorable. Indeed, most studies identified by the scoping review protocol were published between 2000 and 2021, over three decades after the passing of the Civil Rights Act but before the U.S. Supreme Court officially overturned affirmative action. Since we concluded our review, the Supreme Court has overturned affirmative action, and leg- islators and policymakers have begun enacting bans on DEI at the federal and state levels. Thus, it is unclear whether our three strategies and the components comprising them are viable in a political environment marked by extreme back- lash against antiracism and DEI. Most of the articles included in our review were pre-post designs or cross-sectional/post-only designs, and more rigor- ous studies (e.g., randomized controlled trials) are needed to fully assess the impact of mentorship, emotional and social support, and scholar networks. The strategies discussed in this article are also limited to enriching the individual scholar, and focusing only on these strategies will not mean- ingfully change systems to be equitable unless they are cou- pled with policy changes. Furthermore, since our review focused only on disciplines within the academic health sci- ences, findings also cannot be generalized to health settings outside academia, or non-health industries that could also benefit from greater racial diversity. The three strategies focused on in this review were identi- fied through triangulation of three sources of data: a survey, in-depth interviews, and a scoping review. Therefore, the number of subcomponents identified in each of the strate- gies does not necessarily indicate their frequency (or the fre- quency of the intervention type) in academic health sciences; rather, it reflects the availability of published literature and the level of detail provided in these articles. More research 38 Page 14 of 18 Race and Social Problems (2026) 18:38 should explore the specific components of mentorship, emo- tional and social support, and scholar network-building pro- grams that may lead to positive outcomes for URM scholars. Moving forward, researchers, administrators, and pro- gram implementers should explore ways to alleviate the minority tax, which may be especially present in the strate- gies explored in this article due to the nature of these pro- grams (e.g., the need for mentors and faculty to provide guidance, participate in scholar network-building events). URM individuals are disproportionately asked to participate in diversity and anti-racism efforts, mentorship, and commu- nity work, which takes time away from their careers (Rod- ríguez et al., 2015). A recent study showed that Black faculty reported substantially higher participation in DEI work and that 56% of Black faculty participating in DEI activities reported that this limited their opportunities to advance in other areas (Raphael et al., 2023). In comparison, only 14% of White faculty reported this concern (Raphael et al., 2023). Administrators and institutional leaders must play an active role in creating culturally responsive programs for URM stu- dents to ensure they are not solely shouldering the burden of organizing events and resources (Ajayi et al., 2021). Future research should collect outcomes related to sense of belonging and institutional climate. Previous studies fre- quently assessed metrics, such as enrollment and gradua- tion rates, and reported program satisfaction and feedback. However, rigorous evaluations that measure sense of belong- ing and institutional climate are needed. Diverse enrollment numbers do not capture inclusion and, in some cases, can be misleading if the institutional climate is hostile and unwel- coming (Slay et al., 2019). Qualitative and mixed methods designs can capture the nuanced experiences of URM schol- ars and evaluate if and how their sense of belonging changes after diversity and inclusion efforts. Researchers should also disaggregate the URM designation, as there is diversity and heterogeneity within the groups captured by this overarch- ing term.

  A Narrative Review on Advancing Racial Diversity in the Academic Health Sciences: Mentorship, Support, and Scholar Networks · 2026 · DOI

• While this study provides valuable insights into how struc- tural racism within mental health organizations shapes a racially diverse workforce, it is essential to note its limita- tions. The sample for the case study was drawn from an organization, and the small sample size may limit the trans- ferability of findings to other employees or organizations. Additionally, our research focused on perceived diversity and not structural racism at the organization per se. Future research is needed to apply the race-conscious framework (intentional centering of race and structural racism in organi- zation) to examine the structural characteristics of mental health organizations and how the differentiated and inter- sectional identities of the workers are relied upon to drive organizational processes and practices to (re)produce ineq- uitable access to organizational resources with implications for disparities in service outcomes. Despite the limitations, the current study highlights the urgent need for mental health organizations to adopt race- conscious analytic and intervention frameworks that explic- itly address structural racism. These organizations can cre- ate environments where racially diverse workforces are not only recruited but retained and empowered to contribute to more equitable mental health outcomes at both local and the larger system levels. Diversity initiatives will likely remain performative without such structural changes that intention- ally center structural racism and how it drives organization process including diversity. More importantly, future work that employs metaphors and symbolic meanings to deeply explore how racial minority workers experience and navigate structural racism at the organizational level is needed. In the current study, terms such as a brick wall and stay put are symbolically used to capture the nature of organizational racism they experience and the coping and strategic mecha- nisms by which racial minority workers navigate racialized organizational spaces where whiteness is credential as stand- ard. Application of symbols and metaphors to engage racial minority workers on the racial character of organizations may enable us to identify and institutionally support practi- cal ways racial minority workers can thrive without injuries within organizations. Funding The study was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health Diversity Supplement Training (R34MH119411).

  The Critical Role of Race-Conscious Framework in Advancing Mental Health Workforce Diversity: A Case Study · 2026 · DOI

• Sixty percent of participants in this study reported experiencing this phenomenon among mono-racial NA/ANs, further dem- onstrating that this phenomenon is prevalent and critically understudied.

  Perceived Racial Misclassification Among Native American and Alaska Native College Students: Preliminary Evidence for a Culturally Relevant Stressor · 2026 · DOI

• There are several key study limitations that inform future research. Importantly, how one is racially understood by others is defined by particular sociopolitical contexts (Roth, 2016) and social groups (Khanna, 2004) and varies across time (Laster Pirtle & Brown, 2016; Mihoko Doyle & Kao, 2007). As such, the cross-sectional nature of this study prevents us from understanding potential causality and PRM’s association with psychological distress should not be interpreted as causational. Although we do not doubt the potential of recursive relationships between experiences of distress and PRM (meaning that being in psychological distress may increase the impact or attention to experiences of being misperceived), there is no reason to believe that being misperceived would not also serve to distress individuals. Indeed, there is a wealth of evidence to support the implication that social identity is consequential for psychosocial adjustment more broadly (Haslam et al., 2021). In the PRM literature specifically, prior longitudinal work has demonstrated PRM to predict later negative psychosocial adjustment among high schoolers, however, that study did not include NA/AN participants (Nishina et al., 2018). Therefore, longitudinal work is needed to elucidate the relationship between PRM and mental health among NA/AN individuals. Second, the study sample size and national scope did not allow for further parsing of within-group differences across demographic variables or specific Tribes, regions, and institutions. Analyses of these differences within this sample were nonsignificant. However, small sample sizes across demographic characteristics may have precluded detection of meaningful differences. For example, gender differences in PRM rates were not found in this sample. However, only 15 participants were identified as men. As prior research has found gender differences in PRM experiences among other populations (López et al., 2018), future research is needed with more gender-balanced samples to explore potentially meaningful differences. Socioeconomic status (SES) also showed no significant differences across groups in this sample, however, this range may be limited by the college student sample. Prior evidence indicates that SES plays an important role in socially assigned race. For 27 Page 10 of 13 Race and Social Problems (2026) 18:27 example, higher SES has a self-perceived “Whitening” effect (Vargas, 2015), and observers have been found to be more likely to code a nationally representative sample of youth as Black if the participants have previously been incarcerated (Saperstein & Penner, 2010) or are unemployed (Penner & Saperstein, 2008).

  Perceived Racial Misclassification Among Native American and Alaska Native College Students: Preliminary Evidence for a Culturally Relevant Stressor · 2026 · DOI

• We framed this study around three previously understudied questions: How prevalent are occupational-based versus wealth-based colortocracies throughout Latin America? Is interviewer-rated skin tone a stronger predictor of socioeconomic status than self- designated race categories across a broader array of Latin American countries than previously examined or in just a few? And does the answer depend on the outcome measure https://doi.

  How Prevalent are Colortocracies in Latin America? · 2026 · DOI

• This review has several limitations. First, although the revised search strategy included both PubMed and Web of Science, relevant studies indexed in other databases such as Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, PsycINFO, or Sociological Abstracts may not have been captured. Second, the search was limited to studies published from 2015 to 2026, which emphasized contemporary literature but may have excluded older foundational studies. the Third, included literature was methodologically heterogeneous. Studies varied in design, population, clinical setting, exposure definition, and outcome measurement, which precluded meta-analysis. Most primary empirical studies were observational, cross-sectional, or survey-based, limiting causal inference. Several relied on patient-reported outcomes, which are highly relevant to patient experience but may be influenced by unmeasured contextual factors. Fourth, a formal risk-of-bias assessment and GRADE certainty evaluation were not performed. Instead, evidence was interpreted narratively with attention to design limitations, consistency, directness, and relevance. Fifth, some included studies examined concordance indirectly through related constructs such as implicit bias, patient preference, therapeutic connection, or workforce representation. These studies were useful for conceptual synthesis but should not be interpreted as direct tests of concordance effects. Finally, very few included studies differentiated among Black subgroups. As a result, subgroup-specific inference for Foundational Black Americans, African immigrants, and Afro- Caribbean immigrants remains limited. Future research should incorporate more precise subgroup measures where appropriate and avoid treating Black populations as analytically homogeneous. populations. communication training, reducing implicit bias, and expanding culturally responsive care may work together to improve healthcare experiences for Black patients and other underserved populations. Future research should use more rigorous designs, clearer outcome definitions, and more refined subgroup characterization within Black should examine whether concordance-related effects differ by nativity, migration history, lineage, or other markers of within-group heterogeneity. This would allow future work to better determine and workforce how concordance, representation can be implemented in ways that are evidencebased, patient-centered, and responsive to the diversity of Black populations in the United States.

  Exploring the role of racial/ethnic patient–physician concordance in optimizing health and patient outcomes among black populations in the United States: an integrative systematic review · 2026 · DOI

• To address this gap in the literature, in this qualitative case study, we explored the insights of 16 Black immigrant women studying engineering at a large public university in the United States.

  The Intersecting Identities of Black Immigrant Women Students and Their Experiences in a School of Engineering · 2026 · DOI

• This study offers a significant contribution by amplify- ing the voices of adolescents on issues that are typically examined through adult-centred perspectives. Rather than portraying young people as passive or highly mar- ginalised individuals, this research positions them as social and political actors with the capacity to reflect critically on their lived realities. By foregrounding ado- lescents’ perspectives, the study challenges dominant narratives that frame youth primarily in terms of vulner- ability or deviance, and instead recognises their agency and interpretive capabilities. Another strength lies in the timing and context of data collection. Fieldwork was conducted during a pivotal moment in recent global history: the year 2021, when schools in Bogotá began reopening after prolonged clo- sures due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This setting pro- vided a unique window into how an already unequal social landscape was further disrupted by the crisis. The pandemic amplified existing structural inequalities and exposed adolescents to intensified socio-economic hardship and psychosocial strain. Collecting data dur- ing this period enabled the study to capture the complex and evolving experiences of young people navigating the aftermath of a global emergency within local con- ditions of entrenched inequality. At the same time, it is important to note that many of these experiences reflect pre-existing structural conditions, which were rendered more visible and acute during this period. As such, while the data capture pandemic-related experiences, it is not always possible to clearly distinguish between inequalities specific to COVID-19 and those that would likely have emerged regardless. Instead, the pandemic functioned to make these inequalities more visible and, in many cases, more acute within adolescents’ everyday lives. This study has certain limitations that warrant con- sideration. Although the selected neighbourhoods are marked by poverty and structural inequality, the research was conducted mainly within schools. As a result, the findings may not fully capture the experiences of adolescents in situations of extreme deprivation, includ- ing those not enrolled in school (school non-attendance in Bogotá was 12% in 2018 [116]). This schooling-based recruitment may have shaped how agency is expressed in the data, as adolescents in school are more likely to have access to resources that support the articulation of critical perspectives and aspirations for social change. Consequently, the forms of agency identified should be interpreted as situated and may be less visible among adolescents experiencing more severe social exclusion. Second, ethical and legal requirements necessitated parental consent for minors. While essential for safe- guarding, this limited access to certain perspectives, as some adolescents who wished to participate were unable to do so without parental approval. Despite efforts to ensure confidentiality and provide clear information, parental concerns remained a barrier, potentially exclud- ing voices relevant to the study’s aims. However, obser- vation did not require written consent, which broadened the scope of the target population. Third, although the recruitment strategy actively encouraged participation from adolescents of diverse gender identities and sexual orientations, the final sample was composed entirely of cisgender and predominantly heterosexual adolescents. This enabled a rich explora- tion of gendered experiences but limited the representa- tion of other identities, potentially narrowing the scope of the intersectional analysis. Nonetheless, perspectives from diverse gender and sexual identities were addressed through interviews with both adolescents and school counsellors, and were also highlighted in the observa- tional data. Finally, data collection and primary analysis were largely concentrated in a single researcher (JCSC). While this allowed for a deep, focused immersion in the data, it requires explicit attention to the researcher’s situated- ness. To ensure analytical trustworthiness, we employed rigorous reflexivity through analytic memos to docu- ment interpretative decisions, and engaged in regular, structured discussions with the wider research team to challenge interpretations and explore alternative perspec- tives. This also means that the analysis reflects a situated and interpretive standpoint, shaped by the researcher’s positionality and reflexive engagement with the data.

  “Alright, that’s enough now, because it’s not fair”: A qualitative study on realities of intersectional inequality among adolescents from Bogotá, Colombia · 2026 · DOI

• However, it remains to be investigated how these relationships develop over time, with previous research suggesting that lower public regard may buffer against distress over time, mediated by preparation for bias (Willis & Neblett, 2020).

  Ethnic‐racial identity in Sweden: Dimensionality, measurement invariance, and psychosocial adjustment · 2026 · DOI

• A key limitation of this study is that sexual orientation data were not collected. Instead, participants only indicated whether they had experienced discrimination based on their sexual orientation. Consequently, the pronounced effects observed in the study may partly reflect an unclear differentiation of how many students with various sexual minority identities were actually subject to discrimination. Furthermore, it is possible that discriminatory experiences reported in this study also included those of heterosexual individuals, as discrimination due to sexual orientation was assessed without recording participants’ sexual orientation. However, the survey question regarding discrimination based on sexual orientation explicitly named examples such as “gay” or “lesbian” rendering it highly unlikely that heterosexual participants felt addressed or reported such experiences. Consistent with the minority stress theory proposed by Meyer et al. (20), we focused on perceived discrimination based on sexual orientation as the primary exposure rather than on sexual identity labels, in order to underscore the specific impact of discriminatory experiences on mental health. Nevertheless, future research would benefit from distinguishing between the diverse sexual orientations and identities within the queer community to better understand the specific experiences and impacts of discrimination across different groups and their intersections. Additionally, the study did not assess the frequency, duration, or severity of discrimination experiences, all of which could influence mental health outcomes (58). Moreover, due to the cross-sectional design of the study, causal relationships cannot be established. Mental health outcomes were measured using screening tools rather than clinical diagnoses. While self-reported data may be subject to recall bias or social desirability bias, it simultaneously offers the advantage of providing a broad overview of the student cohort’s experiences and mental health status.

  Psychosocial burden of discrimination based on sexual orientation in university students—A cross-sectional analysis · 2026 · DOI

• would benefit from distinguishing between the diverse sexual orientations and identities within the queer community to better understand the specific experiences and impacts of discrimination across different groups and their intersections. Additionally, the study did not assess the frequency, duration, or severity of discrimination experiences, all of which could influence mental health outcomes (58). Moreover, due to the cross-sectional design of the study, causal relationships cannot be established. Mental health outcomes were measured using screening tools rather than clinical diagnoses. While self-reported data may be subject to recall bias or social desirability bias, it simultaneously offers the advantage of providing a broad overview of the student cohort’s experiences and mental health status.

  Psychosocial burden of discrimination based on sexual orientation in university students—A cross-sectional analysis · 2026 · DOI

• In the present study, there were several limitations that should be noted while interpret- ing the findings. First, the study relied on cross-sectional PISA 2022 data, which does not allow us to investigate the temporal order of factors or establish casual associations. With that in mind, longitudinal designs are needed to better understand how social factors such as student-teacher relationship, sense of school belonging, family support, and the school composition of immigrant students shape academic learning outcomes over time and whether these associations are differential across groups. In addition, the study used the pre-constructed scale scores provided in the dataset. Although these scale scores were estimated using Warm’s (1989) Weighted Likelihood Estimation (WLE) method, providing a standardized robust individual-level estimate while supporting measurement equivalence and replicability across countries, they did not allow us to account for potential measure- ment invariances across the subgroups. Relatedly, students’ immigration background was determined using the OECD definition and pre-assigned category (i.e., majority non- immigrant student, second-generation immigrant student, and first-generation immigrant student). While this approach is consistent with the OECD reporting, it does not allow for examining the heterogeneity within the groups, based on characteristics such as country of origin, native language, or reason for migration. Thus, in future research, it is crucial to The association between social factors and reading performance… 72 Page 20 of 26 M. Towns et al. not rely on such broad classifications and generalize these groups but rather recognize the potential intersectional variabilities and inequalities (Helakorpi et al., 2023a, 2023b; Juang, 2024). Likewise, it is important to consider the influences of broader meso-and exo-system factors.

  The association between social factors and reading performance among the majority population and immigrant-origin adolescents in Finland · 2026 · DOI

• The study demonstrates that adverse racial experiences with healthcare professionals impact Black women's utilization of mental health services, but does not quantify the relationship between specific racial stressors in healthcare encounters and subsequent help-seeking behavior for depression. Future research should measure the dose-response relationship between types of racial discrimination experiences and changes in mental health service utilization patterns among Black women.

  A Qualitative Exploration: Black Women Living with Depression · 2026 · DOI

• The paper identifies that providers fear discussing race with Black patients even after cultural competence training, but lacks empirical investigation of the mechanisms underlying this avoidance or effective training protocols to address it. Future research should conduct intervention studies testing specific training approaches designed to increase provider comfort and competence in race-conscious clinical discussions with Black women experiencing depression.

  A Qualitative Exploration: Black Women Living with Depression · 2026 · DOI

• Few studies have examined Black women's perceived treatment experiences and therapeutic relationships with mental health providers in relation to racial identity, despite evidence that client-provider relationships significantly impact depression treatment outcomes. Future research should specifically investigate how Black women perceive race-related interactions with providers and how these perceptions predict treatment engagement and clinical outcomes.

  A Qualitative Exploration: Black Women Living with Depression · 2026 · DOI

• Open-ended survey questions created methodological challenges including response fatigue, superficial answers, and higher missing data rates, particularly affecting individuals with lower literacy levels, disabilities, or mobile device users. Future studies on Black women with depression should utilize mixed-methods designs with validated structured instruments alongside qualitative interviews to reduce cognitive burden while maintaining depth of experiential data.

  A Qualitative Exploration: Black Women Living with Depression · 2026 · DOI

Most-cited papers in Racial and Ethnic Identity Research

• Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Health: Findings From Community Studies · American Journal of Public Health · 2003 · 1,596 citations
• STRUCTURAL RACISM AND HEALTH INEQUITIES · Du Bois Review Social Science Research on Race · 2011 · 1,182 citations
• ACCULTURATION AND LATINO HEALTH IN THE UNITED STATES: A Review of the Literature and its Sociopolitical Context · Annual Review of Public Health · 2005 · 1,147 citations
• Race and Trust in the Health Care System · Public Health Reports · 2003 · 900 citations
• Stages of Ethnic Identity Development in Minority Group Adolescents · The Journal of Early Adolescence · 1989 · 865 citations
• Embodying Inequality: A Review of Concepts, Measures, and Methods for Studying Health Consequences of Discrimination · International Journal of Health Services · 1999 · 843 citations
• Social and Structural Determinants of Health Inequities in Maternal Health · Journal of Women s Health · 2020 · 789 citations
• Ethnic and Racial Identity in Adolescence: Implications for Psychosocial, Academic, and Health Outcomes · Child Development · 2014 · 629 citations
• RACIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH · Du Bois Review Social Science Research on Race · 2011 · 628 citations
• Issues of Race, Ethnicity, and Culture in Caregiving Research: A 20-Year Review (1980-2000) · The Gerontologist · 2002 · 556 citations

Most recent work

• Deskilling and labour market barriers among skilled racialized immigrants in British Columbia: a mixed-methods study · Comparative Migration Studies · 2026
• (Critical) Multicultural Cues Promote Identify Safety and Desire to Learn About STEM Inequity Among Students of Color · Journal of Social Issues · 2026
• Broaching as an Equitable Approach to Counseling Black Students in Advanced Academic Courses and Programs · Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development · 2026
• Gender and Racial Variability of Dissociative Identity Disorder Symptoms in an International Sample · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · 2026
• Measuring the Association of Race, Neighborhood Segregation, and Healthcare Use Among People With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · 2026
• Intersectionality in the Labor Market: An Integrative Review of Race, Gender, and Class-Based Inequalities · Merits · 2026
• Intersectional realities · Journal of International Students · 2026
• Crisis Line Use Among Undergraduate Men of Color: A Qualitative Inquiry · The Counseling Psychologist · 2026
• Belief in Systemic Racism and Exposure to Institutional Inequality Among Black Adults: Investigating the Complexities of Black Leadership and Racial Equality · Sociological Focus · 2026
• Everyday Discrimination and Adolescents’ Mental Health: Evidence From an Ecological Momentary Assessment · The Journal of Early Adolescence · 2026

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