Open research questions in Simulation-Based Education in Healthcare
525 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 3,834 Simulation-Based Education in Healthcare papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.
What the literature leaves open
Limited investment, late returns, high costs of hospital establishment, purchase of equipment and lack of specialized and skilled human resources are common problems in this field. Expanding and increasing the facilities of hospitals are common problems in this field.
Poor teamwork and communication are significant barriers to OR efficiency. There is a need to determine the effect of a TeamSTEPPS mobile-based learning intervention on key OR effectiveness indicators.
further validation of the PL-SZZ in different populations, - investigation of the relationship between the PL-SZZ and other measures of student satisfaction and self-confidence, - examination of the effectiveness of the PL-SZZ in predicting student outcomes
Polish translation and validation of the student satisfaction and self-confidence in learning scale among healthcare students at the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin: a single-center cross-sectional validation study · 2026 · DOIThe gap in the literature is the lack of clarity on the modeling issues associated with Sorjonen et al.'s commentaries on the reciprocal effects model. The gap is also the lack of empirical evidence relevant to evaluating the REM. The paper aims to fill this gap by providing a more explicit account of the modeling issues and presenting additional empirical evidence.
On Model Interpretability and Time-Reversal Testing in Analyses of Reciprocal Effects: Clarifying Modeling Issues in Sorjonen et al.’s (2025a, 2025b) Commentaries · 2026 · DOIa lack of critical reflection on how SPs are represented and engaged with in educational practices - a need to prioritize the well-being of SPs alongside that of learners - a gap in the literature on the importance of honoring the humanity of SPs
However, these simulations are often limited by a high facilitator burden and resistance from perceived disruption of clinical environments.
BACKGROUND: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly applied in medical education, but its role in fostering interactive clinical competencies remains underexplored.
Comparing AI chatbot simulation and peer role-play for OSCE preparation: a pilot randomized controlled trial · 2025 · DOIThe perception of such technologies by midwifery students remains an underexplored area of study.
Mixed reality for midwifery students: a qualitative study of the technology’s perceived appropriateness in the classroom · 2025 · DOIThe key limitations in the study are the absence of a control group and data loss, and the results should be taken with caution.
The application of an escape room teaching method on the training for ICU new nurses: a quasi-experimental study · 2025 · DOIHowever, it remains unclear whether the flipped classroom is also more effective than traditional classroom teaching in preparing students to apply emergency medicine competencies in realistic simulation scenarios.
A flipped classroom improves medical students’ skills how to manage medical emergencies—an intervention-control study · 2025 · DOIFuture research should explore whether the application of the NSTIS in comprehensive training courses can improve students' abilities and investigate how to integrate the NSTIS into other courses.
Effect of nursing simulation teaching information system based on HIS in comprehensive training course for senior nursing undergraduates: a randomized controlled trial · 2025 · DOIHowever, male nursing students' unique experiences in maternal-newborn clinical courses using HFS remain underexplored, highlighting the need for tailored educational strategies to support their learning.
Exploring male nursing students’ experiences and perspectives in a maternal-newborn clinical course using high-fidelity simulation: a qualitative study · 2025 · DOIExperiences regarding the use of simulation in low-resource settings like Uganda have not been widely explored.
Experiences and perceptions of students and faculty with clinical simulation in Uganda: an exploratory study · 2025 · DOIHowever, the use of structured simulations that involve progressive, multisession patient interactions has not been extensively studied in the context of dietetic internships.
The effect of simulation training on the counseling skills of nutritional science students in dietetic internships · 2025 · DOIThese findings provide empirical support for integrating VSE into medical curricula and highlight the need for further research on its long-term and broader educational impact.
Virtual simulation experiments in medical education: technology acceptance, learning outcomes, and motivational impacts · 2025 · DOIBACKGROUND: Virtual Simulation Experiments (VSE) are increasingly applied in medical education, yet their role in medical microbiology remains underexplored.
Virtual simulation experiments in medical education: technology acceptance, learning outcomes, and motivational impacts · 2025 · DOIWhile these findings reflect short-term outcomes, future research is warranted to assess the long-term effects and sustainability of VR-based learning in ICU continuing education.
The Effectiveness of 360-Degree Virtual Reality-Based Mechanical Ventilation Nursing Education for ICU Nurses · 2025 · DOISociety's demand for nurses, particularly male nurses, is rising; nevertheless, the availability of clinical placements for nursing students is insufficient to meet this demand.
Exploring simulation as a teaching pedagogy for male undergraduate nursing students: A Qualitative Study in the United Arab Emirates · 2025 · DOIConclusions and Relevance: In this cross-sectional study, there were mixed findings on VNs, suggesting such models should be introduced cautiously.
However, knowledge of obstetric teams' performance during management of real-life shoulder dystocia is limited, and the impact of non-technical skills has not been adequately evaluated.
Video analysis of real‐life shoulder dystocia to assess technical and non‐technical performance · 2024 · DOIDespite the critical need for education on cardiovascular diseases, there is a noticeable gap in research regarding the utilization of artificial intelligence in clinical simulation teaching.
Application of AI-empowered scenario-based simulation teaching mode in cardiovascular disease education · 2024 · DOIHowever, there is limited evidence on VR simulation training specifically for trauma education, particularly within the ATLS curriculum.
Virtual reality simulation to enhance advanced trauma life support trainings – a randomized controlled trial · 2024 · DOIFuture research should focus on identifying specific scenarios and domains where VR can outperform or enhance traditional learning methods in trauma simulation.
Virtual reality simulation to enhance advanced trauma life support trainings – a randomized controlled trial · 2024 · DOIHowever, little is known about the usability perceived by students and the factors/determinants that predict the acceptance and use of clinical virtual simulation in nursing education.
The use of simulation-based (SBL) learning has the potential to replace some traditional placement, thereby increasing placement capacity, but the benefits have not been fully explored.
The impact of simulation-based learning on the knowledge, attitude and performance of physiotherapy students on practice placement · 2024 · DOI
Most-cited papers in Simulation-Based Education in Healthcare
- Features and uses of high-fidelity medical simulations that lead to effective learning: a BEME systematic review · Medical Teacher · 2005 · 2,949 citations
- Technology-Enhanced Simulation for Health Professions Education · JAMA · 2011 · 1,456 citations
- A critical review of simulation‐based medical education research: 2003–2009 · Medical Education · 2009 · 1,391 citations
- Simulation in healthcare education: A best evidence practical guide. AMEE Guide No. 82 · Medical Teacher · 2013 · 1,003 citations
- Developing Theory Through Simulation Methods · Academy of Management Review · 2007 · 816 citations
- Simulation-Based Learning in Higher Education: A Meta-Analysis · Review of Educational Research · 2020 · 796 citations
- Simulation‐based learning in nurse education: systematic review · Journal of Advanced Nursing · 2009 · 711 citations
- The history of simulation in medical education and possible future directions · Medical Education · 2006 · 702 citations
- Low‐ to high‐fidelity simulation – a continuum of medical education? · Medical Education · 2003 · 668 citations
- A critical review of simulation‐based mastery learning with translational outcomes · Medical Education · 2014 · 548 citations
Most recent work
- AI-enhanced virtual reality simulation for nursing students' empathy: Automated scoring and inter-rater reliability in a randomised controlled study · Nurse Education Today · 2026
- The impact of dissonance on simulation experience: a teacher training case study · Educational Studies · 2026
- Debriefing in Virtual Reality Simulations for the Development of Counseling Competences: Human-Led or AI-Guided? · Technology Knowledge and Learning · 2026
- Unlearning to learn in simulation-based learning · Learning and Instruction · 2026
- Effectiveness of AI- and VR-based simulation with traditional teaching in healthcare education: A network meta-analysis · Nurse Education Today · 2026
- Web-Based Virtual Environment Versus Face-To-Face Delivery for Team-Based Learning of Anesthesia Techniques Among Undergraduate Medical Students: Randomized Controlled Trial · JMIR Medical Education · 2026
- Exploring the development of non-technical skills in pre-registration nursing students: A qualitative descriptive study · Nurse Education Today · 2026
- From film to simulation: Mixed-methods study of learner-driven artificial intelligence-generated ethical dilemma scenarios and role-play to enhance ethical competence in nursing students · Nurse Education in Practice · 2026
- The use of digital gamification, extended reality, artificial intelligence, and integrated digital learning tools in palliative care education of undergraduate nurses: A systematic review · Nurse Education Today · 2026
- Beyond the Hype: A Scoping Review of TikTok's Potential and Pitfalls in Clinical Education · The Clinical Teacher · 2026
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