Open research questions in Vocational and Entrepreneurial Education

What the literature leaves open

• The low student learning outcomes in the subject Fundamentals of the Marketing Skills Program remain a concern. The use of less varied learning models and differences in levels of learning creativity are presumed to be factors influencing this condition.

  Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) dan Kreativitas Belajar terhadap Hasil Belajar Kelas X Jurusan Bisnis Ritel SMK Negeri 1 Patumbak · 2026 · DOI

• The low level of students' critical thinking skills and entrepreneurial attitudes in biology learning. The lack of a contextual and meaningful learning model to develop these skills.

  The Effect of the Project-Based Learning Model Based on Entrepreneurship Professional Learning Community (PJBL-EPLC) with a Deep Learning Approach on Enhancing Critical Thinking Skills and Entrepreneurial Attitudes · 2026 · DOI

• The research has not yet explored the psychological mechanisms or mediation processes that explain how the PjBL-EPLC model with Deep Learning affects critical thinking and entrepreneurial attitudes. Mediation or moderation analyses could provide deeper understanding of variables that facilitate or inhibit model effectiveness.

  The Effect of the Project-Based Learning Model Based on Entrepreneurship Professional Learning Community (PJBL-EPLC) with a Deep Learning Approach on Enhancing Critical Thinking Skills and Entrepreneurial Attitudes · 2026 · DOI

• The lack of effective learning models for Vocational Basics of TJKT. The need to improve student learning outcomes in Vocational Basics of TJKT.

  Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Project Based Learning untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa pada Mata Pelajaran Dasar-Dasar Kejuruan TJKT Kelas X TJKT 2 SMK Negeri 3 Padang · 2026 · DOI

• Pelaksanaan PKL pada kompetensi keahlian TKJ belum efektif menjembatani kebutuhan dunia industri, sehingga perlu diidentifikasi hambatan dan dirumuskan rekomendasi peningkatan.

  Tantangan Implementasi PKL Pada Kompetensi Keahlian TKJ Untuk Menghadapi Dunia Industri · 2026 · DOI

• The study only examined accounting students at STIE Yapis Dompu. The study used a purposive sampling method. The study suggests future research may include moderating variables such as subjective norms or family entrepreneurial background.

  Pengaruh Digital Literacy terhadap Entrepreneurial Intention melalui Locus of Control (Studi pada Mahasiswa Akuntansi) · 2026 · DOI

• Future studies may include moderating variables such as subjective norms or family entrepreneurial background. The study suggests that future research should examine the role of digital literacy in shaping entrepreneurial intentions among different populations. The study highlights the need for further research on the relationship between digital literacy, locus of control, and entrepreneurial intention.

  Pengaruh Digital Literacy terhadap Entrepreneurial Intention melalui Locus of Control (Studi pada Mahasiswa Akuntansi) · 2026 · DOI

• There is a need to explore the relationship between learners' entrepreneurial skills and entrepreneurial performance. The study aims to address the gap in the literature by investigating the relationship between learners' entrepreneurial skills and entrepreneurial performance.

  Learners’ Entrepreneurial Skill and Performance · 2026 · DOI

• In light of the findings and conclusions of the study, it is recommended that school administrators and the Schools Division of Antique continue to strengthen entrepreneurship education programs by integrating more practical and experiential learning activities such as business simulations, school-based enterprises, and project-based learning. IJFMR26037911 Volume 8, Issue 3, May-June 2026 4 International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR) E-ISSN: 2582-2160 ● Website: www.ijfmr.com ● Email: [email protected] Teachers are encouraged to utilize innovative and learner-centered instructional strategies that enhance creativity, innovation, and problem-solving skills among learners. Learners should also be provided with more opportunities to participate in real-life entrepreneurial tasks and activities to further develop their entrepreneurial competencies and performance. Schools may also conduct training programs, seminars, and mentorship activities that support entrepreneurial skill development among learners. Lastly, future researchers may conduct similar studies incorporating additional variables such as entrepreneurial intention, financial literacy, and academic performance to further enrich the findings of the study. REFERENCES 1. Fayolle, A., & Gailly, B. (2018). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial attitudes and intention. Journal of Small Business Management, 56(1), 1–20. 2. Hisrich, R. D., Peters, M. P., & Shepherd, D. A. (2017). Entrepreneurship (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. 3. Kuratko, D. F. (2016). Entrepreneurship: Theory, process, and practice (10th ed.). Cengage Learning. 4. OECD. (2020). Entrepreneurship skills and education for the future. OECD Publishing. 5. UNESCO. (2017). Education for sustainable development goals: Learning objectives. UNESCO Publishing. 6. World Economic Forum. (2020). Schools of the future: Defining new models of education for the fourth industrial revolution. WEF. 7. Bae, T. J., Qian, S., Miao, C., & Fiet, J. O. (2017). The relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38(2), 217–254. 8. Lackéus, M. (2017). Measuring the impact of entrepreneurship education. OECD Publishing. 9. Liñán, F., & Fayolle, A. (2016). A systematic literature review on entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 40(1), 1–36. 10. Moberg, K. (2018). Entrepreneurship education: A systematic review. Danish Foundation for Entrepreneurship. 11. Zhang, Y., & Zhao, Y. (2019). Entrepreneurial competencies and student performance. Education + Training, 61(3), 1–15. 12. Wilson, F., Kickul, J., & Marlino, D. (2018). Gender, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial career intentions.

  Learners’ Entrepreneurial Skill and Performance · 2026 · DOI

• Youth unemployment in Indonesia. The need for a paradigm shift from job seeking to job creation. The importance of entrepreneurship in addressing unemployment.

  Entrepreneurial Orientation and Entrepreneurial Intention in Generation Z: The Mediating Role of Entrepreneurial Education and Parenting Style · 2026 · DOI

• Future research should incorporate variables such as entrepreneurial self-efficacy and social support. The study suggests that other independent variables may also influence the relationships.

  Entrepreneurial Orientation and Entrepreneurial Intention in Generation Z: The Mediating Role of Entrepreneurial Education and Parenting Style · 2026 · DOI

• There is a need for a practical and replicable model for entrepreneurship education at the secondary level. The use of BMC has not been fully explored in the context of secondary education.

  Experiential Learning Kewirausahaan: Mengasah Ide Bisnis Pelajar dengan Lembar Kerja dan Business Model Canvas · 2026 · DOI

• The study has a small sample size of 53 students. The research is limited to Mathematics Education students at Universitas Borneo Tarakan.

  Analysis of Entrepreneurial Interest of Mathematics Education Students: A Study at Higher Education · 2026 · DOI

• The study identifies a gap in the understanding of entrepreneurial intention among Mathematics Education students. The research highlights the need for university policymakers to reform the curriculum to foster regional economic resilience.

  Analysis of Entrepreneurial Interest of Mathematics Education Students: A Study at Higher Education · 2026 · DOI

• The integration of technology in learning still faces obstacles, including low digital literacy among teachers and limited technology-based learning media. There is a need to develop innovative learning media and methodologies to support the digital learning transformation in vocational schools.

  Development of A Project Based E-Module on Agriculture 4.0 Material for Students of the Plant Agribusiness Expertise Program at State Vocational High School 1 Koto Baru Dharmasraya: Systematic Literature Review · 2026 · DOI

• Future studies could investigate the use of other machine learning techniques, such as deep learning and natural language processing, in entrepreneurship education. Future studies could explore the effectiveness of machine learning-based entrepreneurship education in different contexts, such as industry and academia.

  PENINGKATAN KESIAPAN INOVASI BISNIS LULUSAN SMK MELALUI TEKNIK MACHINE LEARNING DALAM MANAJEMEN KURIKULUM KEWIRAUSAHAAN · 2026 · DOI

• There is a lack of research on the influence of machine learning techniques on business innovation readiness among vocational high school graduates. Prior work has focused on the use of machine learning in other contexts, such as industry and academia.

  PENINGKATAN KESIAPAN INOVASI BISNIS LULUSAN SMK MELALUI TEKNIK MACHINE LEARNING DALAM MANAJEMEN KURIKULUM KEWIRAUSAHAAN · 2026 · DOI

• Limited resources and facilities for conducting the activity. Limited time for conducting the activity. Limited participation of students in the activity.

  Empowering Students through Education and Training on the Production of Foot Sanitizer from Tea Leaf Waste · 2026 · DOI

• The sample size was limited to 18 twelfth-grade students from the Pharmacy Department of SMK Al-Ikhlas. The activity was conducted in a single vocational school.

  Empowering Students through Education and Training on the Production of Foot Sanitizer from Tea Leaf Waste · 2026 · DOI

• The challenge of developing entrepreneurial skills in future teachers. The challenge of integrating theoretical preparation with practical activity. The challenge of ensuring interdisciplinarity in educational programs.

  PROJECT-BASED LEARNING MODEL FOR FORMING ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCE OF FUTURE TEACHERS · 2026 · DOI

• The gap between the need for entrepreneurial competence and traditional teaching methods. The lack of models that integrate theoretical preparation with practical activity and ensure interdisciplinarity.

  PROJECT-BASED LEARNING MODEL FOR FORMING ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCE OF FUTURE TEACHERS · 2026 · DOI

• The implementation of PjBL may face challenges such as limited resources and lack of support from educators. The study may face challenges in terms of the availability and quality of articles. The study may also face challenges in terms of the generalizability of the findings.

  EFEKTIVITAS PROJECT-BASED LEARNING DALAM MENINGKATKAN ENTREPRENEURIAL MINDSET MAHASISWA MPI · 2026 · DOI

• Further research can be conducted to explore the effectiveness of PjBL in other contexts. The study suggests that future research can investigate the impact of PjBL on the entrepreneurial mindset of students in different fields. Future research can also explore the challenges and limitations of implementing PjBL in educational institutions.

  EFEKTIVITAS PROJECT-BASED LEARNING DALAM MENINGKATKAN ENTREPRENEURIAL MINDSET MAHASISWA MPI · 2026 · DOI

• The labour market is changing, and universities need to adapt their study programs to meet these demands. Students outside the faculties of economics do not acquire enough competencies for entrepreneurship. The development of entrepreneurial competencies is necessary to strengthen competitiveness on the market.

  Analysis of the orientation of study programs towards the labour market through the prism of entrepreneurial competencies · 2026 · DOI

• Future research should focus on developing and implementing new elective courses that give students a wider knowledge and the possibility of acquiring entrepreneurial competencies during their studies. Further studies should investigate the impact of entrepreneurial competencies on the labour market outcomes of university graduates.

  Analysis of the orientation of study programs towards the labour market through the prism of entrepreneurial competencies · 2026 · DOI

Most-cited papers in Vocational and Entrepreneurial Education

• Vocational education in Indonesia: History, development, opportunities, and challenges · Children and Youth Services Review · 2020 · 125 citations
• The Effect of Learning Motivation, Self-Efficacy, and Blended Learning on Students’ Achievement in The Industrial Revolution 4.0 · International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) · 2020 · 114 citations
• Time management: skills to learn and put into practice · Education + Training · 2019 · 36 citations
• Principal's Innovation and Entrepreneurial Leadership to Establish a Positive Learning Environment · European Journal of Educational Research · 2021 · 34 citations
• Preparing for Industry 4.0 – Will youths have enough essential skills?: An Evidence from Thailand · International Journal of Instruction · 2020 · 33 citations
• Experiential learning activities in business education for developing 21st century competencies · Journal of Education for Business · 2021 · 30 citations
• Underlying strategies for improving entrepreneurial skills development of technical and vocational students in developing countries: using Ghana as a case study · Education + Training · 2020 · 28 citations
• Quality of business graduates in Vietnamese institutions: multiple perspectives · Journal of Management Development · 2007 · 26 citations
• Entrepreneurship education: towards an industry sector approach · Education + Training · 2008 · 25 citations
• An Evaluation Model for the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Thinking Ability of College Students Based on Neural Network · International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) · 2021 · 23 citations

Most recent work

• Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) dan Kreativitas Belajar terhadap Hasil Belajar Kelas X Jurusan Bisnis Ritel SMK Negeri 1 Patumbak · ARZUSIN · 2026
• The Effect of the Project-Based Learning Model Based on Entrepreneurship Professional Learning Community (PJBL-EPLC) with a Deep Learning Approach on Enhancing Critical Thinking Skills and Entrepreneurial Attitudes · Ainara Journal (Jurnal Penelitian dan PKM Bidang Ilmu Pendidikan) · 2026
• Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Project Based Learning untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa pada Mata Pelajaran Dasar-Dasar Kejuruan TJKT Kelas X TJKT 2 SMK Negeri 3 Padang · Journal of Research and Investigation in Education · 2026
• Pengenalan Akuntansi Sebagai Upaya Pengembangan Jiwa Kewirausahaan Pada SMAN 2 Kalianda Provinsi Lampung · NEAR: Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat · 2026
• Pengembangan Modul Ajar Berbasis Entrepreneurship Project Based Learning Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Bernalar Kritis dan Kreatif Siswa di SMKN 1 Kwanyar Bangkalan · Continuous Education: Journal of Science and Research · 2026
• PEMBERDAYAAN IBU RUMAH TANGGA DESA SINGASARI MELALUI PELATIHAN DAUR ULANG LIMBAH KERTAS · COMVICE: Journal Of Community Service · 2026
• Tantangan Implementasi PKL Pada Kompetensi Keahlian TKJ Untuk Menghadapi Dunia Industri · Indonesian Journal of Innovation Multidisipliner Research · 2026
• Pelatihan Guru tentang Kesehatan Mental dan Tumbuh Kembang Anak di SDIT Ulil Albab Bangkalan · Jurnal Ilmiah Pangabdhi · 2026
• IMPLEMENTASI METODE AHP DALAM PENUNJANG KEPUTUSAN PEREKRUTAN TRAINER NOOR KUSERI SPORTS CENTER · Jurnal Digit · 2026
• Pengembangan Model Wirausaha di Lembaga Pendidikan Dasar/ Menengah/Tinggi · PEDAGOGIC Indonesian Journal of Science Education and Technology · 2026

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