Open research questions in Vocational and Entrepreneurial Education

What the literature leaves open

• The lack of a contextual and meaningful learning model to develop these skills.

  The Effect of the Project-Based Learning Model Based on Entrepreneurship Professional Learning Community (PJBL-EPLC) with a Deep Learning Approach on Enhancing Critical Thinking Skills and Entrepreneurial Attitudes · 2026 · DOI

• The research has not yet explored the psychological mechanisms or mediation processes that explain how the PjBL-EPLC model with Deep Learning affects critical thinking and entrepreneurial attitudes. Mediation or moderation analyses could provide deeper understanding of variables that facilitate or inhibit model effectiveness.

  The Effect of the Project-Based Learning Model Based on Entrepreneurship Professional Learning Community (PJBL-EPLC) with a Deep Learning Approach on Enhancing Critical Thinking Skills and Entrepreneurial Attitudes · 2026 · DOI

• The lack of effective learning models for Vocational Basics of TJKT. The need to improve student learning outcomes in Vocational Basics of TJKT.

  Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Project Based Learning untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa pada Mata Pelajaran Dasar-Dasar Kejuruan TJKT Kelas X TJKT 2 SMK Negeri 3 Padang · 2026 · DOI

• Future research should incorporate variables such as entrepreneurial self-efficacy and social support. The study suggests that other independent variables may also influence the relationships.

  Entrepreneurial Orientation and Entrepreneurial Intention in Generation Z: The Mediating Role of Entrepreneurial Education and Parenting Style · 2026 · DOI

• There is a need for a practical and replicable model for entrepreneurship education at the secondary level. The use of BMC has not been fully explored in the context of secondary education.

  Experiential Learning Kewirausahaan: Mengasah Ide Bisnis Pelajar dengan Lembar Kerja dan Business Model Canvas · 2026 · DOI

• The study has a small sample size of 53 students. The research is limited to Mathematics Education students at Universitas Borneo Tarakan.

  Analysis of Entrepreneurial Interest of Mathematics Education Students: A Study at Higher Education · 2026 · DOI

• The research highlights the need for university policymakers to reform the curriculum to foster regional economic resilience.

  Analysis of Entrepreneurial Interest of Mathematics Education Students: A Study at Higher Education · 2026 · DOI

• The integration of technology in learning still faces obstacles, including low digital literacy among teachers and limited technology-based learning media. There is a need to develop innovative learning media and methodologies to support the digital learning transformation in vocational schools.

  Development of A Project Based E-Module on Agriculture 4.0 Material for Students of the Plant Agribusiness Expertise Program at State Vocational High School 1 Koto Baru Dharmasraya: Systematic Literature Review · 2026 · DOI

• Future studies could investigate the use of other machine learning techniques, such as deep learning and natural language processing, in entrepreneurship education. Future studies could explore the effectiveness of machine learning-based entrepreneurship education in different contexts, such as industry and academia.

  PENINGKATAN KESIAPAN INOVASI BISNIS LULUSAN SMK MELALUI TEKNIK MACHINE LEARNING DALAM MANAJEMEN KURIKULUM KEWIRAUSAHAAN · 2026 · DOI

• There is a lack of research on the influence of machine learning techniques on business innovation readiness among vocational high school graduates. Prior work has focused on the use of machine learning in other contexts, such as industry and academia.

  PENINGKATAN KESIAPAN INOVASI BISNIS LULUSAN SMK MELALUI TEKNIK MACHINE LEARNING DALAM MANAJEMEN KURIKULUM KEWIRAUSAHAAN · 2026 · DOI

• The gap between the need for entrepreneurial competence and traditional teaching methods. The lack of models that integrate theoretical preparation with practical activity and ensure interdisciplinarity.

  PROJECT-BASED LEARNING MODEL FOR FORMING ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCE OF FUTURE TEACHERS · 2026 · DOI

• The implementation of PjBL may face challenges such as limited resources and lack of support from educators. The study may face challenges in terms of the availability and quality of articles. The study may also face challenges in terms of the generalizability of the findings.

  EFEKTIVITAS PROJECT-BASED LEARNING DALAM MENINGKATKAN ENTREPRENEURIAL MINDSET MAHASISWA MPI · 2026 · DOI

• Further research can be conducted to explore the effectiveness of PjBL in other contexts. The study suggests that future research can investigate the impact of PjBL on the entrepreneurial mindset of students in different fields. Future research can also explore the challenges and limitations of implementing PjBL in educational institutions.

  EFEKTIVITAS PROJECT-BASED LEARNING DALAM MENINGKATKAN ENTREPRENEURIAL MINDSET MAHASISWA MPI · 2026 · DOI

• In further research on this issue, in order to generalize the obtained results as well as possible, all the study programs conducted at the University of Osijek could be analyzed, because during the writing of this study, some new study programs were launched at the University of Osijek.

  Analysis of the orientation of study programs towards the labour market through the prism of entrepreneurial competencies · 2026 · DOI

• “During my internship at an insurance company, I found that the 15-week period was insufficient to gain a comprehensive understanding of the company and its operations. It is important to note that theoretical knowledge alone is insufficient. We recognized that it was insufficient in this regard.

  3 + 1 Stakeholder Views on Vocational Internship Training Model · 2026 · DOI

• Co-curricular programs in many schools have not been systematically directed toward building entrepreneurial character traits. The integration of local wisdom into entrepreneurship education can bridge this gap. There is a need for more structured and sustainable co-curricular program development.

  Implementation of Co-Curricular Activities in Fostering Entrepreneurial Motivation Through the Local Wisdom of Glutinous Rice Vinegar Fermentation in Vocational High Schools (SMK) in Tayan Hulu District · 2026 · DOI

• There is a lack of studies on the role of self-efficacy and work motivation on the work readiness of fresh graduates in the context of a green economy. The current study aims to fill this gap.

  Kesiapan Kerja Fresh Graduate Perguruan Tinggi di Kabupaten Garut dalam mendukung Green Economy: Peran Self-Efficacy dan Work Motivation · 2026 · DOI

• The low student learning outcomes in the subject Fundamentals of the Marketing Skills Program remain a concern. The use of less varied learning models and differences in levels of learning creativity are presumed to be factors influencing this condition.

  Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) dan Kreativitas Belajar terhadap Hasil Belajar Kelas X Jurusan Bisnis Ritel SMK Negeri 1 Patumbak · 2026 · DOI

• In light of the findings and conclusions of the study, it is recommended that school administrators and the Schools Division of Antique continue to strengthen entrepreneurship education programs by integrating more practical and experiential learning activities such as business simulations, school-based enterprises, and project-based learning.

  Learners’ Entrepreneurial Skill and Performance · 2026 · DOI

• Limited resources and facilities for conducting the activity. Limited time for conducting the activity. Limited participation of students in the activity.

  Empowering Students through Education and Training on the Production of Foot Sanitizer from Tea Leaf Waste · 2026 · DOI

• The sample size was limited to 18 twelfth-grade students from the Pharmacy Department of SMK Al-Ikhlas. The activity was conducted in a single vocational school.

  Empowering Students through Education and Training on the Production of Foot Sanitizer from Tea Leaf Waste · 2026 · DOI

• Time constraints limited the observation of the fermentation process. Some students lacked sufficient courage and self-confidence in offering and marketing the glutinous rice vinegar products. The study only involved 57 Grade XI students from three SMKs in Tayan Hulu District.

  Implementation of Co-Curricular Activities in Fostering Entrepreneurial Motivation Through the Local Wisdom of Glutinous Rice Vinegar Fermentation in Vocational High Schools (SMK) in Tayan Hulu District · 2026 · DOI

• The program was only implemented in one school. The sample size was limited to 50 students.

  Pelatihan Penguatan Kompetensi Pendidikan Kejuruan Bagi Siswa SMK Negeri 1 Muara Batu · 2026 · DOI

• Pelaksanaan PKL pada kompetensi keahlian TKJ belum efektif menjembatani kebutuhan dunia industri, sehingga perlu diidentifikasi hambatan dan dirumuskan rekomendasi peningkatan.

  Tantangan Implementasi PKL Pada Kompetensi Keahlian TKJ Untuk Menghadapi Dunia Industri · 2026 · DOI

• The challenge of developing entrepreneurial skills in future teachers. The challenge of integrating theoretical preparation with practical activity. The challenge of ensuring interdisciplinarity in educational programs.

  PROJECT-BASED LEARNING MODEL FOR FORMING ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCE OF FUTURE TEACHERS · 2026 · DOI

Most-cited papers in Vocational and Entrepreneurial Education

• Vocational education in Indonesia: History, development, opportunities, and challenges · Children and Youth Services Review · 2020 · 125 citations
• The Effect of Learning Motivation, Self-Efficacy, and Blended Learning on Students’ Achievement in The Industrial Revolution 4.0 · International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) · 2020 · 114 citations
• Time management: skills to learn and put into practice · Education + Training · 2019 · 36 citations
• Principal's Innovation and Entrepreneurial Leadership to Establish a Positive Learning Environment · European Journal of Educational Research · 2021 · 34 citations
• Preparing for Industry 4.0 – Will youths have enough essential skills?: An Evidence from Thailand · International Journal of Instruction · 2020 · 33 citations
• Experiential learning activities in business education for developing 21st century competencies · Journal of Education for Business · 2021 · 30 citations
• Underlying strategies for improving entrepreneurial skills development of technical and vocational students in developing countries: using Ghana as a case study · Education + Training · 2020 · 28 citations
• Quality of business graduates in Vietnamese institutions: multiple perspectives · Journal of Management Development · 2007 · 26 citations
• Entrepreneurship education: towards an industry sector approach · Education + Training · 2008 · 25 citations
• An Evaluation Model for the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Thinking Ability of College Students Based on Neural Network · International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) · 2021 · 23 citations

Most recent work

• Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) dan Kreativitas Belajar terhadap Hasil Belajar Kelas X Jurusan Bisnis Ritel SMK Negeri 1 Patumbak · ARZUSIN · 2026
• The Effect of the Project-Based Learning Model Based on Entrepreneurship Professional Learning Community (PJBL-EPLC) with a Deep Learning Approach on Enhancing Critical Thinking Skills and Entrepreneurial Attitudes · Ainara Journal (Jurnal Penelitian dan PKM Bidang Ilmu Pendidikan) · 2026
• Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Project Based Learning untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa pada Mata Pelajaran Dasar-Dasar Kejuruan TJKT Kelas X TJKT 2 SMK Negeri 3 Padang · Journal of Research and Investigation in Education · 2026
• Pengenalan Akuntansi Sebagai Upaya Pengembangan Jiwa Kewirausahaan Pada SMAN 2 Kalianda Provinsi Lampung · NEAR: Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat · 2026
• Pengembangan Modul Ajar Berbasis Entrepreneurship Project Based Learning Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Bernalar Kritis dan Kreatif Siswa di SMKN 1 Kwanyar Bangkalan · Continuous Education: Journal of Science and Research · 2026
• PEMBERDAYAAN IBU RUMAH TANGGA DESA SINGASARI MELALUI PELATIHAN DAUR ULANG LIMBAH KERTAS · COMVICE: Journal Of Community Service · 2026
• Tantangan Implementasi PKL Pada Kompetensi Keahlian TKJ Untuk Menghadapi Dunia Industri · Indonesian Journal of Innovation Multidisipliner Research · 2026
• Pelatihan Guru tentang Kesehatan Mental dan Tumbuh Kembang Anak di SDIT Ulil Albab Bangkalan · Jurnal Ilmiah Pangabdhi · 2026
• IMPLEMENTASI METODE AHP DALAM PENUNJANG KEPUTUSAN PEREKRUTAN TRAINER NOOR KUSERI SPORTS CENTER · Jurnal Digit · 2026
• Pengembangan Model Wirausaha di Lembaga Pendidikan Dasar/ Menengah/Tinggi · PEDAGOGIC Indonesian Journal of Science Education and Technology · 2026

Related topics in Social Sciences