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Open research questions in Cultural Competency in Health Care

200 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 2,215 Cultural Competency in Health Care papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • One challenge is the limited exposure to psychiatry in medical education. Another challenge is the lack of cultural sensitivity in UK psychiatry. The paper also identifies the need for more systematic integration of reflexivity and ethnographic sensibility into routine practice.

    Beyond the biopsychosocial: why psychiatry needs anthropology · 2026 · DOI

  • The biopsychosocial model has limitations in considering cultural factors. Transcultural psychiatry has limitations in its reach and influence on mainstream practice. There is a gap in cultural sensitivity in UK psychiatry.

    Beyond the biopsychosocial: why psychiatry needs anthropology · 2026 · DOI

  • One of the challenges identified is the lack of cultural sensitivity and understanding of intersecting identities in healthcare, which can lead to unique barriers to healthcare for Muslim women. Another challenge is the need for more inclusive studies that recognize the diversity of the Muslim population in the USA. The paper also highlights the challenge of addressing perceived discrimination and modesty in healthcare settings.

    Healthcare Experiences of Muslim Women in the USA: A Scoping Review · 2026 · DOI

  • Include intersecting identities of Muslim women in public health research, - Study the unique barriers to healthcare faced by Muslim women, including gender issues and modesty

    Healthcare Experiences of Muslim Women in the USA: A Scoping Review · 2026 · DOI

  • Addressing racism in medical education requires a multi-faceted approach. There is no single solution to addressing racism in medical education. Institutional leaders need to recognise that a range of interventions are required to tackle racism.

    Anti-racist recommendations in medical education journals in 2023: A content analysis · 2026 · DOI

  • medical education researchers can critically interrogate whether the recommendations should be refined as geopolitical and sociocultural contexts rapidly shift

    Anti-racist recommendations in medical education journals in 2023: A content analysis · 2026 · DOI

  • Little is known about how specialized professional nursing organizations with a primarily national membership base can build and sustain meaningful international membership.

    International Nurse Leaders' Journeys of Engagement, Belonging, and Growth in Professional Nursing Organizations: A Qualitative Study · 2026 · DOI

  • Learner outcomes such as improved cultural knowledge and attitudes were predominantly positive, whereas patient outcomes were evaluated less frequently and showed mixed results.

    Cultural competency education for healthcare professionals: an umbrella review · 2025 · DOI

  • While experiential learning has been shown to enhance medical students' understanding of Social Determinants of Health (SDH), few studies have examined its impact on students' cognitive, emotional, and personal growth.

    Medical students’ experiential learning on social determinants of health: a constructivist qualitative study · 2025 · DOI

  • Future research should explore how to convert these insights into long-term behavioral changes and enhance the integration of reflection and collaborative learning in medical education.

    Medical students’ experiential learning on social determinants of health: a constructivist qualitative study · 2025 · DOI

  • However, integrating ISL and IPE into a single programme has not been widely explored.

    Student experiences and learning outcomes of an interprofessional and international service-learning program: an exploratory study · 2025 · DOI

  • However, the relationships between university campus environment, sense of belonging, and sociocultural engagement of HPE students remain unclear.

    Influence of the university campus environment on sociocultural engagement and satisfaction of health professions education students: role of the sense of belonging · 2024 · DOI

  • The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) mandates addressing healthcare disparities and social determinants of health, but implementation remains insufficient due to pervasive barriers.

    Understanding faculty perspectives on health equity curriculum implementation in graduate medical education: a qualitative study · 2024 · DOI

  • However, the training being developed and their suitability for the European context are not well known.

    Cultural Competence Interventions in European Healthcare: A Scoping Review · 2024 · DOI

  • Future research is needed to contribute to the conceptual development of cultural competence to design programs tailored to European superdiversity.

    Cultural Competence Interventions in European Healthcare: A Scoping Review · 2024 · DOI

  • Future research should explore the impact of transcultural nursing leadership on multicultural work environments and in the delivery of culturally congruent care.

    Cultural Competence and Nursing Work Environment: Impact on Culturally Congruent Care in Portuguese Multicultural Healthcare Units · 2024 · DOI

  • There is a lack of understanding about educators' experiences engaging in Indigenous-specific antiracist education. The study aims to address this gap by exploring the challenges and complexities of this approach.

    Being an Indigenous-specific antiracist educator in health professions: a qualitative study of health educators’ learning journeys in Canada · 2026 · DOI

  • A key strength of this study lies in its focus on educa- tors’ lived experiences of Indigenous-specific antiracist education. By centering voices working within systems shaped by racism and colonialism, the study offers insight into both the challenges and possibilities of this work, including its emotional and professional demands and the importance of supportive institutional conditions. The collaborative composition of the research team, which included Indigenous and settler scholars, further strengthens the credibility and depth of the analysis. Several limitations warrant consideration. The posi- tionality of the lead researcher as a white settler may have shaped aspects of interpretation despite ongoing reflex- ive and collaborative processes, underscoring the per- sistence of power dynamics even when efforts are made to foreground Indigenous perspectives. In addition, our decision not to disaggregate Indigenous participants’ experiences—necessary to protect confidentiality within a small community of practice—restricted our ability to examine differences across positionalities. Future stud- ies with larger samples could explore these distinctions more fully and consider their implications for educator support. The study prioritized educators’ learning journeys rather than providing a systematic analysis of pedagogi- cal strategies, curriculum design, or student outcomes. Although participants referenced teaching approaches, further research could more directly investigate peda- gogical practices and their impacts on learners. Similarly, while Indigenous epistemologies informed our frame- work, future scholarship could deepen this grounding by drawing more extensively on Indigenous theoretical traditions and Critical Race Theory. Finally, although participants described institutional barriers, institutions themselves were not the primary object of analysis; sub- sequent research could examine organizational struc- tures, policies, and cultures to better understand both obstacles and conditions that support transformative change.

    Being an Indigenous-specific antiracist educator in health professions: a qualitative study of health educators’ learning journeys in Canada · 2026 · DOI

  • The study identifies a gap between normative standards and the lived experience of users in the public health system. The research highlights a gap between clinical protocols and the patient's subjective experience, especially in culturally diverse populations.

    ENTRE LA TÉCNICA Y LA HUMANIDAD: DESAFÍOS DE LA CALIDAD Y CALIDEZ INTERCULTURAL EN LOS SERVICIOS DE GINECO-OBSTETRICIA UNA MIRADA DESDE LA INTERVENCIÓN DEL TRABAJO SOCIAL · 2026 · DOI

  • Intersectional barriers hinder access to educational and qualification opportunities in nursing. Hierarchical structures, Eurocentric curricula, and inadequately adapted digital strategies exacerbate these disparities. The lack of systematic analyses on the impact of intersectionality on nursing education is a significant challenge.

    Nursing education in conflict: How intersectionality impacts access to educational opportunities? · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a lack of systematic analyses on the impact of intersectionality on nursing education. The existing literature highlights the limitations of deficit-oriented approaches in addressing intersectional barriers.

    Nursing education in conflict: How intersectionality impacts access to educational opportunities? · 2026 · DOI

  • The study identifies a gap in cultural competence in the nursing workforce. The diverse workforce faces challenges such as language barriers and experiences of racism, discrimination, bullying, and harassment.

    Intra-professional cultural competence: Exploring a strategy to support Australia’s culturally and linguistically diverse nursing workforce · 2026 · DOI

  • Evidence on Vietnamese nursing students’ willingness to work abroad remains limited. There is a need to understand the preferred destinations and perceived barriers to overseas employment among nursing students.

    WILLINGNESS TO WORK ABROAD AMONG NURSING STUDENTS AT TRA VINH UNIVERSITY IN 2024 · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a need to explore the potential of music-supported cultural activities in supporting international student adaptation. There is a lack of research on the effectiveness of music-supported cultural activities in improving sociocultural adaptation and wellbeing.

    Exploring the effects of music-supported cultural adaptation activities on international students’ sociocultural adaptation and wellbeing: a pilot study · 2026 · DOI

  • Managing diversity in nursing teams is a challenge. The study highlights the need for nursing teams to develop strategies to support diversity management.

    Reconstructing a typology of approaches to navigating diversity: a comparative qualitative study of German nursing teams · 2026 · DOI

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200 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 2,215 Cultural Competency in Health Care papers in our library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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