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Open research questions in Education and Military Integration

28 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 971 Education and Military Integration papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • Although our approach included collecting feedback directly from Veteran pa- tients, additional work is needed to fully integrate patient voices. For the document review, the sources and structure of the documents varied widely, making it difficult to carry out a formal, system- atic review.

    Identifying Priorities for the Department of Veterans Affairs Strategic Plan: A Rapid Multi‐Method Evaluation · 2026 · DOI

  • The Panel recommends that the Air Force review the West Point and Naval Academy policies to encourage reporting of sexual assault and adopt its own clear policy to encourage reporting. (Page 91) 19. The Panel recommends that the Academy ensure that the Academy Response Team is always proactively involved in cases in which the victim and potential witnesses are also alleged to have committed misconduct. The Panel also recommends that the Academy Response Team continue to remain involved in a case, in the event that a particular allegation is suspected to be false. (Pages 94) 20. The Panel recommends that the Air Force Office of Special Investigations Academy detachment participate fully in the recently established Academy Response Team and use it for informing and educating Academy leadership, victim advocates and CASIE representatives of their responsibilities and limitations. AFOSI's educational efforts should include programs that provide a basic understanding of how and why it takes certain investigative actions, and the benefits of timely reporting and investigation of all sexual assault incidents. (Page 99) 21. The Panel recommends that the Academy take measures to ensure that transportation to the hospital, and any other necessary logistical support, is always available to a cadet who chooses to receive a rape kit examination. In particular, transportation must be provided by an appropriate individual, such as the psychotherapist or Academy Response Team member, who will be discreet and can address the victim's emotional needs during the long car trip to the hospital. (Page 100) Page 105 1 1 0 VIII. CONCLUSION For nearly fifty years the United. States Air Force Academy has been a model academic institution whose mission is to train and educate future leaders of our nation's armed forces. The institution's mission remains, yet its reputation has lost some of its luster as the school grapples with an institutional crisis that goes beyond its campus in the Rocky Mountains and extends to the halls of Congress and the Pentagon. The Congress tasked this Panel to examine and investigate this misconduct whose roots, the Panel has found, have gradually grown to the foundation of the Academy and the Air Force. Though the magnitude of this crisis cannot be diminished, the Panel is confident the institution and its principled mission will survive for future generations. The Panel has sought to help restore the institution's commitment to its cadets and the American people through substantive and constructive recommendations. This is an opportunity to strengthen an institution and help ensure it will have a safe and secure learning environment for all of its cadets. The Agenda for Change is evidence that the Air Force, under the leadership of Secretary Roche and General Jumper, is serious about correcting the sexual assault problems that have plagued the Academy for a decade.

    Review of the Air Force Academy · 2026 · DOI

  • Organizational Culture & Character Development Section V 7. The Panel recommends that the Air Force conduct the same review of Non- Commissioned Officer assignment policies and tour lengths at the Academy as it is conducting for officer assignments policies. (Page 56) 8. The Panel recommends that the Academy draw upon climate survey resources at the Air Force Personnel Center Survey Branch for assistance in creating and administering the social climate surveys. Further, the Panel recommends that the Academy keep centralized records of all surveys, responses and reports and keep typed records of all written comments to be provided as an appendix to any report. All such (not abbreviated or paraphrased) reports must be provided to Academy leadership. (Page 58) 9. The Panel recommends that the Academy place a renewed emphasis on education and encouragement of responsible consumption of alcohol for all cadets. (Page 61) 10. To ensure the safety of every cadet, the Panel recommends that the Academy implement a policy permitting unrestricted (i.e., no explanation required at any time) private access to telephones for the use by any cadet, including Fourth-Class cadets, in an emergency. (Pa ge 62) 11. The Panel recommends that the Center for Character Development education instruction be mandatory for all cadets. The Panel further recommends the cadet curriculum require completion of at least one course per year that emphasizes character values, for which cadets shall receive a grade and academic credit. (Page 68) 12. While the Panel appreciates that the demands on the time of new cadets are significant, we recommend reassessing the training calendar to place prevention and awareness training at a time of day in which cadets will be most receptive to the training session. (Page 73) 13. The Panel recommends that the Academy focus on providing better training to the trainers of prevention and awareness classes including enlisting the aid of faculty members who are well-skilled in group presentation techniques that are effective and energize the cadets, developing small group training sessions which will be more effective than large audience presentations, developing training sessions that educate the students on the reporting process and Air Force Office of Special Investigations investigatory practices and procedures, and establishing a review process for training session materials that includes the use of the Page 103 108 PANEL TO REVIEW SEXUAL MISCONDUCT ALLEGATIONS AT THE U.S. AIR FORCE ACADEMY Academy Response Team and cadet cadre or some other multi-disciplinary group of experts. (Page 74) Intervention and Response to Sexual Assault Section VI 14. The Panel recommends that the Air Force establish a policy that achieves a better balance of interests and properly employs psychotherapist-patient counseling, and its associated privilege, for the benefit of cadet victims.

    Review of the Air Force Academy · 2026 · DOI

  • The Chief of Staff of the Air Force has advised this Panel that the issue of accountability among the replaced senior leadership team at the Academy is ongoing. He indicated that he was awaiting the results from the DoD IG and Air Force IG investigations on sexual misconduct allegations before taking final actions. The Panel is concerned, however, that at least one member of the replaced Academy leadership team received a medal in recognition of her performance while assigned to the Academy. The award of a medal to an individual who is still under scrutiny, and in advance of the issuance of the DoD IG and Air Force IG reports, seems premature at best. The Panel is also concerned about the seeming inability of the Air Force to adequately investigate itself. While the Air Force General Counsel's Working Group conducted a thorough investigation of the Academy, it completely failed to address one of the most significant ineffective oversight by Air Force leadership. contributors to the current controversy Members of the Working Group knew about the prior involvement of Air Force leadership since they or their offices were engaged in the issues over the past ten years. Yet the General Counsel apparently made a determination not to include any of this information in the Working Group Report. Instead, the General Counsel left the matter for another study and another day.'" 1" The Working Group Report named twelve areas for further study because the areas were beyond the scope of the report or there was insufficient time for adequate study. The last area recommended for further study was Air Force Headquarters: "Consider to what extent the Headquarters Air Force has been and should be involved in the oversight of the sexual assault and sexual harassment issues in the Air Force, including the Academy." Working Group Report, at 175-176. Page 41 4 7 PANEL TO REVIEW SEXUAL MISCONDUCT ALLEGATIONS AT THE U.S. AIR FORCE ACADEMY The Panel recommends that the DoD IG conduct a thorough review of the accountability of Academy and Air Force Headquarters leadership for the sexual assault problems at the Academy over the last decade. This review should include an assessment of the actions taken by leaders at Air Force Headquarters as well as those at the Academy, including General Gilbert, General Wagie and Colonel Slavec. The review should also consider the adequacy of personnel actions taken, the accuracy of individual performance evaluations, the validity of decorations awarded and the appropriateness of follow-on assignments.'" The Panel further recommends that the DoD IG provide the results of the review to the House and Senate Armed Services Committees and to the Secretary of Defense. 1" See, for example, Memorandum from Secretary Widnall to the Secretary of Defense (Aug. 11, 1995). Page 42 48 IV.

    Review of the Air Force Academy · 2026 · DOI

  • IV. COMMAND SUPERVISION AND OVERSIGHT OF THE ACADEMY A. Command Supervision of the Academy B. External Oversight The Board of Visitors C. External Oversight Congress D. External Oversight The Inspector General V. ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT A.

    Review of the Air Force Academy · 2026 · DOI

  • Research shows that culturally competent care improves health outcomes, yet little is known about civilian sexual assault centers (SACs) supporting MV clients.

    Military Cultural Competency in Canadian Sexual Assault Support Centers: “Not Here for Lessons” · 2025 · DOI

  • This study must be understood in the context of its limitations. The study consists of two different samples and two different locations. It is possible that there are institutional differences between the Northport and San Diego VA Healthcare Systems that could affect our outcomes. The nonrandom selection of participants may have also led to bias. For example, patients with severe abuse may have declined participation and those with milder cases of abuse may have been more willing to contribute to the research. Our sample size primarily consisted of women Veterans, and we should be cautious to generalize these findings to men as there are known gender differences in recovery from sexual trauma [24]. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic may have had significant effects on the outcomes of Study 2. Research has shown that prevalence rates of alcohol use, anxiety, depression, PTSD, and suicide ideation have increased significantly in Veterans following the COVID-19 pandemic [25,26] . However, the majority of our Study 2 sample was recruited before the pandemic and only 15 of the 100 participants were recruited after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.

    A Comparative Study of Veterans' Sexual Trauma Experiences Over Time · 2024 · DOI

  • Veterans from these two studies have given insightful suggestions on how to improve their care. A lot of the subjects mentioned therapy and counseling was and is needed for continued improvement in their recovery. However, Veterans often have to face multiple barriers to obtain mental healthcare services at the VA, so improvement is needed in order to make counseling and therapy more accessible [27-29]. Subjects from both studies mentioned that military culture makes the reporting of MST difficult. Previous studies have shown how military culture is an important aspect in the relationship between patients and mental healthcare providers and plays a role in Veterans’ reluctance to seek treatment for mental illness or distress [30,31]. Reducing the stigma for mental health treatment among military culture is an important area to tackle in order to increase satisfaction in mental health treatment [32]. Also, subjects in these studies mentioned that underage drinking was one cause for assault and many chose to not report their assault because of the fear of being reprimanded for underaged drinking. If military culture adapts more of a concern for the health and mental wellbeing of military personnel, victims may be more motivated to report their MST. Further education or initiatives to address this problem would validate the victims and help start their recovery process. Because of the changes we found in the perpetrators of the MST, it would also be helpful to implement more trainings and education about MST to all active military members, and not only those in supervisor roles. Since our studies were exploratory in nature, more questions have been raised that will need to be addressed in future research studies. The characteristics of the assault, such as severity or frequency, were not covered in depth by our questionnaire, though this information would be valuable in our understanding of recovery from MST as assault characteristics are shown to impact outcomes such as the development of PTSD [33,34]. From speaking with the subjects, we did observe that subjects in Study 1 seemed to mention experiencing more violent attacks such as gang rapes. It would be worth collecting more information about this to see if this has affected recovery over time. Also, additional information on what VA resources the Veterans in the studies utilized to support their recovery would help us identify the strengths and weaknesses of our current system. Finally, as action and policy change regarding MST are continuously evolving, there is a need for further investigation of future changes.

    A Comparative Study of Veterans' Sexual Trauma Experiences Over Time · 2024 · DOI

  • Abstract While the explosion of videogames as a global entertainment medium has been explored in International Relations (IR) and associated fields in some detail in recent years, the proliferation of games in military settings remains under-researched.

    “Videogames Saved My Life”: Everyday Resistance and Ludic Recovery among US Military Veterans · 2021 · DOI

  • Research limitations/implications This study is beneficial to scholars in as much as it will help to more clearly identify literature gaps, provide direction on emerging research concepts, add to the existing literature on the veteran to civilian transitions and connect research areas that have not yet been adequately studied.

    Human resources challenges of military to civilian employment transitions · 2020 · DOI

  • An Aide to Custer will help those [End Page 320] interested in Great Plains history understand Custer’s Civil War backstory from the perspective of one of his previously understudied (heretofore unknown) subordinates, Edward Granger.

    An Aide to Custer: The Civil War Letters of Lt. Edward G. Granger ed. by Sandy Barnard · 2019 · DOI

  • Further study on the motivation, retention, and the reintegration needs of women postmilitary is necessary, particularly with military recruitment targets of 20 percent women by the year 2020 and the increased awareness of the military as a potentially hostile work environment for women.

    Why Women Join the Military: Enlistment Decisions and Postdeployment Experiences of Service Members and Veterans · 2015 · DOI

  • Research on degree persistence and completion among student Veterans is sparse, although some data suggest that compared to their non-Veteran peers, Veterans enroll at higher rates but have lower degree completion rates (Perskey & Oliver, 2011 ; Whikehart, 2010).

    High-Risk Drinking and Academic Performance among College Student Veterans. · 2014

  • Few studies have sought to explore the subjective experience of reintegration for veterans of the current Operations Enduring Freedom/Iraqi Freedom/New Dawn military campaigns, and even less attention has been given to discover strategies used by veterans to overcome difficulties with transitioning from life in a combat zone to life at home.

    “No One Gets Through It OK” · 2013 · DOI

  • This is an important project, therefore, one that inspires further research on disability both during and after [End Page 593] war, and no less on the objects and images that inform experiences of disability regardless of time and place.

    The Civil War Letters of Colonel Charles F. Johnson, Invalid Corps (review) · 2006 · DOI

  • Positive social support can have major physical and mental health benefits, yet limited research and disparate methodological approaches minimize the ability to draw conclusions on how social support can best be leveraged to support women veterans.

    Scoping review of the role of social support in women Veterans’ psychosocial and health outcomes · 2024 · DOI

  • Department of Veterans Affairs health and benefit services, mental health, employment, and homelessness, gaps in the literature emerged, particularly regarding ethnic and sexual minority, rural and elderly veterans, and National Guard/Reserve servicemembers.

    Communities Serve: A Systematic Review of Need Assessments on U.S. Veteran and Military-Connected Populations · 2019 · DOI

  • Future research should focus on what predicts veteran use of programs and services, how use changes over time, and how programs and services should be advertised/marketed to different veteran populations, particularly those at risk for poor transition outcomes.

    Going It Alone: Post-9/11 Veteran Nonuse of Healthcare and Social Service Programs During Their Early Transition to Civilian Life · 2019 · DOI

  • Future research should examine factors that predict the use and nonuse of veteran reintegration programs, how use changes over time, and what factors predict program/service use, particularly among veterans at risk for poor transition outcomes.

    Veterans’ Use of Programs and Services as They Transition to Civilian Life: Baseline Assessment for the Veteran Metrics Initiative · 2019 · DOI

  • A few studies have suggested that institutional support systems for military learners, such as offering customized services and courses online, contributed to learner satisfaction and persistence.

    The Evolving Military Learner Population: A Review of the Literature · 2014 · DOI

  • Perhaps due to its restricted audience, the general public has limited knowledge of DoDEA services; moreover, empirical information about these services is missing in conventional data bases.

    Services Provided to Military Dependents Who Are<i>Mentally Gifted</i>in the US Department of Defense (DoDEA) Schools · 2013 · DOI

  • While it is difficult to argue the need for good self-esteem among healthcare workers, little is known about how to enhance this attribute within the military healthcare community, and more specifically, with members of Transition Units.

    Teaching Mental Skills for Self-Esteem Enhancement in a Military Healthcare Setting. · 2009

  • Abstract Fraught with an unfocused legislative agenda, poor management, and a lack of consensus among its members, the much-heralded congressional military reform movement has made little headway in establishing significant reform legislation.

    The Military Reform Caucus · 1983 · DOI

  • In view of the above objectives and find- ings, the Committee recommended: 1. Continued operation of the service to students, supported by adequate allo- cations of personnel, etc.

    High School Seniors at a V.A. Guidance Center<sup>1</sup> · 1948 · DOI

  • The nursery will not only be used as in the past by nurserymen who want their customers to see lawns, annuals, or other plants growing, but also serve as an experimental and proving ground for plants little known in this region.

    San Francisco Prepares Veterans for Floriculture · 1944 · DOI

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28 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 971 Education and Military Integration papers in our library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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