Open research questions in Gender and Technology in Education

What the literature leaves open

• The study acknowledges challenges such as perceived overload in blended learning environments. The study identifies the need to address the interplay between teaching approaches and student outcomes in blended learning. The study recognizes the importance of technological reliability and active teacher engagement in blended learning success.

  Harmonizing Pedagogy and Technology: Insights into Teaching Approaches That Foster Sustainable Motivation and Efficiency in Blended Learning · 2024 · DOI

• The existing literature has gaps in understanding the effects of blended learning on student attitudes, satisfaction, motivation, and workload. The study identifies the need to explore the impact of teaching approaches on student outcomes in blended learning environments. The gap lies in understanding how to refine blended learning approaches to enhance educational experiences.

  Harmonizing Pedagogy and Technology: Insights into Teaching Approaches That Foster Sustainable Motivation and Efficiency in Blended Learning · 2024 · DOI

• The research exploring the cumulative impact of influencing factors on teachers’ ICT integration ability is lacking.

  Modeling the Effects of Interrelations Among External Support and Internal Factors on Teachers’ ICT Integration Ability in Less Developed Areas of China · 2025 · DOI

• Additionally, the mediating role of internal factors on the relationship between external support and teachers’ ICT integration ability has not been adequately addressed.

  Modeling the Effects of Interrelations Among External Support and Internal Factors on Teachers’ ICT Integration Ability in Less Developed Areas of China · 2025 · DOI

• The study identifies a gap in the literature regarding the examination of AI-related anxiety, digital well-being, and career uncertainty among engineering and IT students. The study aims to address this gap by assessing the prevalence and interrelationships of these concerns.

  Artificial intelligence anxiety, digital well-being, and future career concerns among engineering and information technology students in Jordan · 2026 · DOI

• The study calls for alignment between academic preparation and Jordan's AI strategy, but specific mechanisms for institutionalizing this alignment and measuring its effectiveness are not detailed.

  Artificial intelligence anxiety, digital well-being, and future career concerns among engineering and information technology students in Jordan · 2026 · DOI

• There is a lack of understanding about the relationship between technology anxiety and AI adoption among secondary school science teachers. The study aims to address this gap by investigating the level of technology anxiety and its impact on AI adoption.

  The silent barrier: how technology anxiety shapes AI adoption in rural classrooms in the western zone of Sabah · 2026 · DOI

• The conclusion recommends designing professional development programs focusing on rural teachers' anxiety reduction, yet the paper provides no baseline data on what specific AI tools or applications cause the highest configuration anxiety among rural science educators. Future intervention studies should first identify the most anxiety-inducing AI applications through qualitative analysis of rural teacher concerns, then test whether targeted training on those specific tools reduces anxiety and increases adoption rates.

  The silent barrier: how technology anxiety shapes AI adoption in rural classrooms in the western zone of Sabah · 2026 · DOI

• The study only considered students and research scholars from the Kalyana Karnataka region. The sample size was limited to 483 respondents. The study did not explore the impact of internet use on other aspects of academic life, such as social interactions and mental health.

  Impact, Challenges, and Support System of Internet Use in Universities of Kalyana Karnataka: A Study of Students and Research Scholars · 2026 · DOI

• The study identifies a gap in the understanding of the impact of internet use on academic performance and research productivity among students and research scholars. The study highlights the need for further research on the challenges faced by students and research scholars in the effective utilisation of internet-based technologies.

  Impact, Challenges, and Support System of Internet Use in Universities of Kalyana Karnataka: A Study of Students and Research Scholars · 2026 · DOI

• The study identifies a gap in the existing literature on the learning difficulties of information and communication technology among GCE A level girl students in remote areas of Sri Lanka. The study highlights the need for research on the social and economic barriers that impact girls' ICT education in rural areas.

  Learning difficulties of information and communication technology among the GCE A level girl students in the remote areas of Sri Lanka · 2026 · DOI

• To address the identified barriers, it is recommended to revise the ICT curriculum to emphasize practical skills and to incorporate visually supported learning materials in Tamil, Sinhala, and English. Additionally, student-centered teaching practices, including interactive exercises, group projects, step-by-step demonstrations, and frequent feedback, should be adopted to enhance student confidence. Regular professional development opportunities for teachers are necessary to strengthen ICT competencies, pedagogical skills, and gender- sensitive teaching approaches. Furthermore, awareness programs for parents and community members featuring female ICT role models should be implemented to foster family support and highlight the significance of ICT education for girls’ future opportunities.

  Learning difficulties of information and communication technology among the GCE A level girl students in the remote areas of Sri Lanka · 2026 · DOI

• The fast-paced development of information technology is changing how education works. There is a lack of research focused on students in rural areas. IT use can have both beneficial and adverse effects on students' cognitive and non-cognitive abilities.

  Does digital access translate into human capital gains? Assessing information technology use effects on cognitive and non-cognitive development of students in Western Rural China · 2026 · DOI

• There is a lack of research focused on students in rural areas. Many existing studies rely on international large-scale survey data for sampling. Non-cognitive skills are not given enough attention in much of the existing literature.

  Does digital access translate into human capital gains? Assessing information technology use effects on cognitive and non-cognitive development of students in Western Rural China · 2026 · DOI

• The study investigates the impact of artificial intelligence and social media usage on student academic performance in Malaysia, a gap in current research.

  Beyond the Classroom: Artificial Intelligence and Social Media in Digital Learning Ecosystems and Their Impact on Student Academic Performance in Malaysia · 2026 · DOI

• The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the education system, making virtual learning a necessity. Socio-economic factors affect students' learning experiences. There is a need to understand the relationship between parents' socio-economic status and undergraduates' attitude towards virtual learning.

  Influence of Parents’ Socio-Economic Status on Undergraduates’ Attitude Towards Virtual Learning in Post Covid-19 Pandemic Era in a Nigerian Public University · 2026 · DOI

• There is a gap in understanding the relationship between parents' socio-economic status and undergraduates' attitude towards virtual learning. Prior studies have not investigated the influence of parents' socio-economic status on undergraduates' attitude towards virtual learning in a Nigerian public university.

  Influence of Parents’ Socio-Economic Status on Undergraduates’ Attitude Towards Virtual Learning in Post Covid-19 Pandemic Era in a Nigerian Public University · 2026 · DOI

• The pandemic has created pressure for the rapid adaptation of business models and operational processes in the banking sector. There is a need to ensure the continuity of banking services during periods of restricted physical contact. Digital technologies must be used to mitigate the economic consequences of the pandemic.

  The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use of digital banking among university students in the Czech Republic · 2026 · DOI

• Research on gender differences in digital banking behavior in Central Europe remains limited. There is a need to study the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on digital banking among university students in the Czech Republic.

  The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use of digital banking among university students in the Czech Republic · 2026 · DOI

• The study was limited to Northern Croatia and the City of Zagreb. The research was conducted during May and June 2024. The study represents the first phase of a broader project.

  Perceived Barriers and ICT-Related Attitudes among Secondary School Students in Croatia: An Exploratory Study · 2026 · DOI

• Empirical evidence on the joint and differentiated effects of intrinsic and extrinsic inhibitors remains limited. The study aims to address this gap by analysing the role of intrinsic inhibitors and external influences in shaping ICT-related attitudes and use among secondary school students.

  Perceived Barriers and ICT-Related Attitudes among Secondary School Students in Croatia: An Exploratory Study · 2026 · DOI

• The integration of AI into higher education poses challenges for academic staff, including the need for targeted training and support programs. The study highlights the importance of considering gender differences in AI tool use and perceptions when designing and implementing AI-based educational initiatives. The study's findings can inform the development of policies and strategies to promote equitable access to AI tools and resources in higher education.

  Gender perspectives: Artificial intelligence in academic practice · 2026 · DOI

• Future research should examine the impact of AI on student learning outcomes and the potential risks and challenges associated with AI adoption in higher education. Future research should investigate the factors that influence AI adoption and use in higher education, including gender, discipline, and institutional type. Future research should explore the development of targeted training and support programs for academic staff to promote AI literacy and equitable access to AI tools and resources.

  Gender perspectives: Artificial intelligence in academic practice · 2026 · DOI

• The study identifies a gap in the literature by examining the interrelationships among AI literacy, attitudes toward AI, and technostress.

  Examining the Relationship Between Artificial Intelligence Literacy, Attitudes Toward Artificial Intelligence, and Technostress Among University Students · 2026 · DOI

• The study identifies a gap in understanding the interrelationships among Educational Ecosystem Influences, Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge, and teachers’ attitudes. The research aims to address this gap by examining the effects of EEI on TPACK and teachers’ attitudes.

  Technological pedagogical readiness: Examining TPACK, educational ecosystem, and teacher attitudes in Chinese primary mathematics education · 2026 · DOI

Most-cited papers in Gender and Technology in Education

• Factors predicting the use of technology: Findings from the center for research and education on aging and technology enhancement (create). · Psychology and Aging · 2006 · 1,668 citations
• Ambient belonging: How stereotypical cues impact gender participation in computer science. · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · 2009 · 960 citations
• Internet skills and the digital divide · New Media & Society · 2010 · 717 citations
• Factors influencing teachers’ intention to use technology: Model development and test · Computers & Education · 2011 · 667 citations
• Gender and attitudes toward technology use: A meta-analysis · Computers & Education · 2016 · 604 citations
• Interest, motivation and attitude towards science and technology at K-12 levels: a systematic review of 12 years of educational research · Studies in Science Education · 2014 · 534 citations
• Student teachers’ thinking processes and ICT integration: Predictors of prospective teaching behaviors with educational technology · Computers & Education · 2009 · 532 citations
• Differences in Actual and Perceived Online Skills: The Role of Gender* · Social Science Quarterly · 2006 · 516 citations
• Gender differences in perceptions and relationships among dominants of e-learning acceptance · Computers in Human Behavior · 2004 · 515 citations
• Reading linear texts on paper versus computer screen: Effects on reading comprehension · International Journal of Educational Research · 2013 · 503 citations

Most recent work

• Evaluating the effects of ICT engagement on science and mathematics achievement: Evidence from PISA 2022 using structural equation modeling · Studies In Educational Evaluation · 2026
• Closing the gender STEM interest gap — A randomized-controlled trial in elementary schools · European Economic Review · 2026
• Digital literacy and ICT use: key predictors of mathematics achievement in schoolchildren · European Journal of Psychology of Education · 2026
• Profiling ICT users and social-emotional and academic outcomes: a multilevel latent profile analysis · European Journal of Psychology of Education · 2026
• Unraveling gender disparities in teachers’ technological pedagogical and content knowledge: A large-scale meta-analytic review · Educational Research Review · 2026
• Does digital access translate into human capital gains? Assessing information technology use effects on cognitive and non-cognitive development of students in Western Rural China · PLoS ONE · 2026
• Examining the Relationship Between Artificial Intelligence Literacy, Attitudes Toward Artificial Intelligence, and Technostress Among University Students · Hacettepe University Journal of Education · 2026
• Explaining social disparities in ICT literacy: the role of multiple socioeconomic status indicators and ICT-related motivations · Education and Information Technologies · 2026
• Examining the digital divide in online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from undergraduates at 28 research universities · Technology in Society · 2026
• Navigating the digital divide in the Indian education system: exploring technology adoption and readiness among TVET teachers in Rajasthan · Education + Training · 2026

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