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Open research questions in Inclusion and Disability in Education and Sport

168 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 1,101 Inclusion and Disability in Education and Sport papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • While youth with disabilities have unique knowledge of their support needs, little is known about their involvement in Section 504 plans.

    The Experiences of Youth With Disabilities in Accessing Supports Under Section 504 of The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 · 2026 · DOI

  • While structural barriers are documented, the moderating role of parental engagement in program outcomes remains underexplored, particularly in Global South educational contexts.

    Enabling and Constraining Factors in Community-Based Inclusive Sports Programs: The Moderating Role of Parental Engagement for Children with Intellectual Disabilities · 2026 · DOI

  • However, most international quantitative studies in this field—particularly those focusing on preservice teachers—have adopted variable-centered approaches, which often yield inconsistent results.

    A Person-Centered Analysis of Chinese Preservice Teachers’ Efficacy for Inclusive Practices: Profiles, Predictors, and Differences in Inclusion-Related Perceptions · 2025 · DOI

  • The results indicate the need for further research into factors that modulate attitudes towards persons with disabilities, including a theoretical deepening of the problem and cultural aspects.

    Attitudes towards persons with disabilities vs. personality traits of Polish students · 2025 · DOI

  • Despite the recognized significance of attitudes, there remains a gap in understanding these attitudes among principals in Arabic-speaking regions concerning inclusive education practices.

    Psychometric properties of principals’ attitudes toward inclusive education (PATIE) scale: Arabic version · 2024 · DOI

  • Despite recognizing the significance of these attitudes, there is currently a gap in understanding the perspectives of students attending normal universities in China regarding inclusive education practices.

    Development and validation of attitudes toward inclusive education scale among Chinese normal universities students’ attitudes · 2024 · DOI

  • There is a lack of understanding of the perspectives of parents of children with special needs on physical education and sports classes. There is a need to explore the views of parents on the benefits and challenges of physical education and sports classes for children with special needs.

    Parents’ Perspectives on Physical Education and Sports Classes for Children Attending a Special Education Vocational School · 2026 · DOI

  • The study notes that special schools often struggle to provide physical activity programs due to a lack of on-site manpower. The study acknowledges that corporations may face challenges in developing and implementing effective APA-based CSR programs.

    Fostering social inclusion through adapted physical activity: an action research on the psychological experiences of students, teachers, and corporate volunteers · 2026 · DOI

  • The study acknowledges that broader applicability requires further empirical investigation. The study notes that the findings are specific to the context examined and may not be generalizable to other settings.

    Fostering social inclusion through adapted physical activity: an action research on the psychological experiences of students, teachers, and corporate volunteers · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a lack of research on university students' participation experiences in adapted physical activity programs. The study aims to address this gap by exploring the benefits and challenges of such programs.

    UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ PARTICIPATION EXPERIENCES IN AN ADAPTED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PROGRAM · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research may focus on tracking the long-term effects of the skills and experiences gained by university students through these programs and exploring how these are reflected in their professional lives. Future research is recommended to address these limitations by employing larger and more diverse samples, integrating mixed-method approaches, and conducting longitudinal studies to examine the enduring effects of similar APA programs. Furthermore, the study did not include a longitudinal or follow-up component; therefore, the persistence and long-term stability of the observed changes in students’ attitudes, awareness, and competencies could not be determined.

    UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ PARTICIPATION EXPERIENCES IN AN ADAPTED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PROGRAM · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a need for effective pedagogical tools for promoting inclusive education in Sport Sciences. Prior studies have highlighted the importance of integrating experiential learning and active student participation within university curricula.

    Baskin as an Inclusive Educational Laboratory in University Sport Sciences Education · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a lack of empirical evidence on the effectiveness of structured physical activity programs in promoting social inclusion, self-esteem, and classroom climate among students with a migrant background. The study aims to address this gap by evaluating the effectiveness of a structured physical activity program.

    Promoting School Inclusion Through Structured Physical Activity: Physiological, Cognitive, and Social Outcomes in Migrant Students · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a need for adaptive, accessible, and interest-driven physical activity opportunities that account for the heterogeneous needs and preferences of adolescents with disabilities.

    S15: Understanding Factors Affecting Participation in Adapted Physical Activity: Lifetime Engagement · 2026 · DOI

  • The 20+ year gap in life-expectancy for people with learning disabilities - The 96% unemployment rate among people with learning disabilities - The rising disability hate crime and disabling society

    Addressing Health, Social, and Economic Inequalities Through Sport and Social Care Partnership · 2026 · DOI

  • The gap in life-expectancy for people with learning disabilities - The high unemployment rate among people with learning disabilities - The lack of radical physical-activity and support solutions

    Addressing Health, Social, and Economic Inequalities Through Sport and Social Care Partnership · 2026 · DOI

  • The study has a small sample size of twelve parents or guardians and seven sports leaders or managers. The study is limited to the city of Conakry, Guinea.

    IMPORTANCE OF ADAPTED PHYSICAL AND SPORTING ACTIVITIES IN SOCIAL INCLUSION OF PEOPLE WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES IN CONAKRY (GUINEA) · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research can explore the effectiveness of sports activities in promoting socialization and improving well-being for people with intellectual disabilities. Future research can investigate the role of communities in creating inclusive and supportive environments for people with intellectual disabilities.

    IMPORTANCE OF ADAPTED PHYSICAL AND SPORTING ACTIVITIES IN SOCIAL INCLUSION OF PEOPLE WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES IN CONAKRY (GUINEA) · 2026 · DOI

  • Parents of children with special needs may face unique challenges in maintaining their physical activity levels. The presence of a child with special needs within a family can lead to frustration and anxiety. Families may need to adapt their lives to care for their child with special needs.

    Is having a child with special needs a barrier to physical activity? A mixed design study · 2026 · DOI

  • The model of physical activity barriers and care burden status of parents of children with special needs according to the MET classification was not significant. The study does not provide information on the generalizability of the findings to other populations.

    Is having a child with special needs a barrier to physical activity? A mixed design study · 2026 · DOI

  • The social perception of disability sports is often limited or focused on functional aspects. There is a need to analyze the effect of perceptions of individuals with disabilities on perceptions of disability sports among pre-service disability sports instructors.

    The Effect of Perceptions of Individuals with Disabilities on Perceptions of Disability Sports among Pre-Service Disability Sports Instructors · 2026 · DOI

  • Medical students have few opportunities to encounter patients with intellectual disabilities. The gap in training is reflected later in practice, as physicians and nurses report feeling insufficiently prepared to care for and support these populations. There is a need for innovative approaches to address this gap and improve students' relational and communication practices, and empathy towards intellectual disability.

    Effectiveness of Simulation-Based Training with Patients with Intellectual Disabilities on Students’ Attitudes, Inclusive Health Practices, and Empathy · 2026 · DOI

  • Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs (CSPAP) aim to provide equal PA opportunities for all students, yet activity differences in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among SWD in secondary schools remain understudied.

    Physical Activity Disparities Between Students With and Without Disabilities Across School‐Based Physical Activity Contexts · 2026 · DOI

  • This scoping review makes a unique contribution to bridging a significant knowledge gap in understandings of inclusive mainstream post-primary PE in NI.

    Perceptions and experiences on the inclusion of pupils with special educational needs in post-primary Physical Education: a scoping review · 2026 · DOI

  • Abstract Technology acceptance may influence whether university students with learning disabilities (LD) use academic and assistive technologies, yet little is known about its psychosocial correlates in non-Western higher education.

    Cross-time associations among technology acceptance, disability-related attitudes, and social problem-solving in university students with learning disabilities · 2026 · DOI

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168 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 1,101 Inclusion and Disability in Education and Sport papers in our library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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