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Open research questions in Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management

59 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 2,767 Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • Third, although the methodologies applied in GBD estimates involve rigorous standardization procedures to harmonize sparse data inputs and enhance cross-regional-comparability, the residual data quality issues may persist.

    Understanding Lifespan Disparity in India: The Role of Premature Mortality and Old-age Mortality · 2026 · DOI

  • Terms contained in the Deed Poll also include but are not limited to the following: – NMFM is entitled to rely on information provided to it by NMMT in relation to a Guarantee investor without making further enquiry .

    A two-account pricing framework for hybrid variable annuity contract embedded with living and death benefit riders · 2026 · DOI

  • The increasing negative SES-mortality gradient among men in Germany remains a persistent concern (Haan et al. 2020; Wenau et al. 2019). Our paper contributes to this discussion by providing evidence on subnational variation in this gradient. We show that a negative association between SES and mortality exists across all macro-regions and settlement types. This association is almost linear at levels between 1.0 and 1.7 aaPP. At the same time, we document subnational variation in the slope of this negative association between SES and mortality. Unfortunately, data limitations did not allow us to explore the drivers of this pattern. Further research is needed to identify the precise determinants and mechanisms underlying these inequalities, in order to facilitate the accurate targeting of policies aimed at specific regions and SES groups. A productive avenue for future research would involve exploring the potential selection effects that contribute to the more heterogeneous association between SES and mortality at levels below 1.0 aaPP. Another promising direction would be to investigate the heterogeneity among the 12 subregions considered in this study. This could be achieved, for example, by employing multilevel models that account for contextual characteristics (see, e.g. Glaubitz 2026). Within such a framework, the German Index of Deprivation (Michalski et al. 2022) may serve as an important control variable. Overall, our findings demonstrate that there is much to be gained by moving beyond traditional East–West comparisons and by closely examining how the association between SES and mortality varies across macro-regions and settle- ment types in Germany. 24 G. Wenau et al. Acknowledgements: We would like to thank the team at the Research Data Centre of the German Pension Insurance (FDZ-RV) for their valuable support. Reseach funding: Pavel Grigoriev was supported by funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 851485). Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: No AI tools were used for data analysis or for generating the scientific content of the paper. AI assistance was employed exclusively for language editing purposes.

    For Whom Does Place Matter? Regional Variation in the SES-Mortality Gradient Among Retired Men in Germany · 2026 · DOI

  • The NFHS and SRS differ in their coverage and the availability of age-specific mortality data at subnational levels. As a result, direct comparisons of e0 estimates between the two sources were limited to these 22 states, thereby restricting the scope of the analysis. The remaining 14 states and union territories could not be examined using SRS data due to the absence of publicly available age-specific mortality rates, creating gaps in the overall assessment of mortality trends at the subnational level. However, district-level mortality estimation was also not feasible from the NFHS and SRS data sources. However, NFHS provides U5MR estimates at both the state and district levels, but adult mortality estimates are only available at the state level. This study does not calculate confidence intervals for the estimated life expectancy and ASMR. The values reported in the tables and figures represent point estimates, meaning single numerical values derived from the data without an accompanying measure of statistical uncertainty. Although the SRS and NFHS are nationally repre- sentative, both systems rely on sample designs and, in the case of the NFHS, retro- spective household reporting. As a result, the mortality indicators estimated here may be subject to sampling variability, recall bias, and other non-sampling errors.

    A pair model to describe the life expectancy at birth in India · 2026 · DOI

  • The study does not compare the GPV method with alternative premium valuation methods or actuarial approaches for last survivor insurance, limiting assessment of its relative accuracy and efficiency.

    Penentuan Cadangan Asuransi Jiwa Last Survivor berdasarkan Metode Gross Premium Valuation (GPV) dengan Hukum De’Moivre · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper assumes deterministic penalty clauses and benefit adjustment formulas (12%, 88%, etc.). The sensitivity of premium reserves to variations in these policy parameters is not analyzed.

    Penentuan Cadangan Asuransi Jiwa Last Survivor berdasarkan Metode Gross Premium Valuation (GPV) dengan Hukum De’Moivre · 2026 · DOI

  • The methodology is demonstrated only through three specific case scenarios with fixed ages and benefit amounts. Generalization of the GPV method to diverse age ranges, benefit structures, and policy conditions is not explored.

    Penentuan Cadangan Asuransi Jiwa Last Survivor berdasarkan Metode Gross Premium Valuation (GPV) dengan Hukum De’Moivre · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper does not validate the GPV premium reserve calculations against empirical data or real insurance claims data from last survivor insurance products.

    Penentuan Cadangan Asuransi Jiwa Last Survivor berdasarkan Metode Gross Premium Valuation (GPV) dengan Hukum De’Moivre · 2026 · DOI

  • With only a few exceptions, the historical study of individual-level correlates of child mortality in the United States has been limited to the period surrounding the turn of the twentieth century, when children ever born and children surviving data collected by the 1900 and 1910 censuses allow indirect estimation of child mortality.

    Wealth and Child Mortality in the Nineteenth-Century United States: Evidence from Three Panels of American Couples, 1850–1880 · 2023 · DOI

  • The presented method of household projections is not characterized by methodological sophistication, elegance and precision in reflecting changes in the structure of households according to the family composition and a detailed presentation of changes in the family status of individuals, but it certainly represents an simple way of household projecting according to the age distribution of carriers, the average size and the number of households.

    Household projections by the headship rates method: The case of Serbia · 2017 · DOI

  • Although an inverse relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and mortality has been well documented for many populations throughout the world, it remains unclear whether this relationship holds true for the oldest old.

    Socioeconomic Differentials in Mortality Among the Oldest Old in China · 2007 · DOI

  • This fact is also reflected in the Model Life Tables (Coale and Demeney, 1983), which are based on a compilation of historical European data and from a few, quite limited data sets available in the early 1960s for other regions of the world.

    Improvement in female survival: A quiet revolution in Bangladesh · 2000 · DOI

  • Additional evidence pertaining to the role of SIDS in contributing to the long-standing inverse association between infant mortality and socioeconomic status is presented, thus further emphasizing the need for continued research to clarify the etiologic mechanisms of this poorly understood condition.

    Sudden infant death syndrome and the age‐cause proxy relationship in infancy · 1994 · DOI

  • Further- more, the overall concordance rate in this study, which was 24 % above chance expectation, is not much different from Ciocco's (1940) figures for married couples whose respective deaths were not limited to the first six months of bereavement. An association between social class and coronary thrombosis has been observed in Britain (Wilson and Heasman, 1959), though seldom in America (Epstein, 1965), but little is known of the effect of psychological stress within social class groups.

    Broken Heart: A Statistical Study of Increased Mortality among Widowers · 1969 · DOI

  • 9The task of doing additional research on the accuracy of this method is made very difficult by the fact that prior to 1960 the death data for SMSA‘s do not appear in the vital statistics publica- tions.

    A Short-Cut Method for Estimating the Population of Metropolitan Areas · 1968 · DOI

  • This limitation arises from the earlier discussed fact that the pension system does not account for income generated through self-employment or civil service.

    For Whom Does Place Matter? Regional Variation in the SES-Mortality Gradient Among Retired Men in Germany · 2026 · DOI

  • The avail- ability of life expectancy at birth estimates at a subnational level may open up further research into social inequality across states in India, and also emphasises the need for continuous validation of mortality models to account for evolving health trends and demographic shifts.

    A pair model to describe the life expectancy at birth in India · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper notes that reserves in the final year exceed promised benefits due to the linear mortality structure of De'Moivre's law, but does not propose solutions or discuss the practical implications for insurers.

    Penentuan Cadangan Asuransi Jiwa Last Survivor berdasarkan Metode Gross Premium Valuation (GPV) dengan Hukum De’Moivre · 2026 · DOI

  • The study uses De'Moivre's law of mortality, which assumes a linear mortality structure. However, real mortality data often follows non-linear patterns, and the applicability of this simplified assumption to actual insurance populations is not discussed.

    Penentuan Cadangan Asuransi Jiwa Last Survivor berdasarkan Metode Gross Premium Valuation (GPV) dengan Hukum De’Moivre · 2026 · DOI

  • However, it is not possible to compute these indicators for specific Indigenous populations in Canada from vital statistics databases because information about the identity of individuals is lacking.

    Life Expectancy at Birth and Infant Mortality Rates of Indigenous Populations in Canada from 2004 to 2016 · 2024 · DOI

  • Although this line of argument has received a considerable amount of attention in health geography literature, it has rarely been examined for a specific historic period, and then only within particular urban areas.

    Fatal Places? Contextual Effects on Infant and Child Mortality in Early Twentieth Century England and Wales · 2023 · DOI

  • This trend has been accompanied by improvements in data quality and changes in estimation methodology, both of which are scarcely documented, and may distort the natural evolution of mortality as reported in official statistics.

    Mortality evolution in Algeria: What can we learn about data quality? · 2021 · DOI

  • Whether mortality will return to-or even fall below-the baseline level remains to be seen as the pandemic continues to unfold and diverse interventions are put in place.

    Estimating the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality, life expectancy and lifespan inequality in England and Wales: a population-level analysis · 2021 · DOI

  • Also, as life events tend to take place more often at certain points in the life cycle - for example during adulthood and entering old age - the idea of population densities should be further explored.

    Theoretical and conceptual framework for population ageing research · 2019 · DOI

  • Nevertheless, the diverging trends in longevity and lifespan inequality across education groups represent an important phenomenon whose underlying causes and potential implications should be investigated in detail.

    Longevity and Lifespan Variation by Educational Attainment in Spain: 1960–2015 · 2018 · DOI

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59 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 2,767 Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management papers in our library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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