Open research questions in Parental Involvement in Education
707 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 7,477 Parental Involvement in Education papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.
What the literature leaves open
Existing studies often claim applicability to diverse minoritized groups, leaving SSAIF experiences unspecified. The paper identifies a gap in research relating to Sub-Saharan African immigrants, particularly in the context of mathematics learning.
Using an African Indigenous Knowledge lens to explore Sub-Saharan African immigrant parents’ perspectives and experiences of their children’s mathematics learning · 2026 · DOIThe literature on university choice has predominantly focused on parental involvement, neglecting the role of non-parental family members. There is a lack of understanding of the patterns of family involvement in university choice in developing-country contexts. The study aims to address this gap by investigating the role of extended family members in university decision-making in Cambodia.
Further research could explore the role of resource distribution in other informal learning environments, - Studies could investigate how parents' roles as enablers and constrainers of epistemic agency impact children's learning outcomes
There is a lack of understanding of how family members shape the use of resources during science activities. Prior research has not fully explored the complex role of resource distribution in fostering children's epistemic agency.
The challenge of improving literacy in secondary schools, particularly in remote, rural areas. The need for teachers to provide explicit vocabulary instruction to help students access and use academic language. The complexity of academic reading, which requires students to actively engage with complex, subject-specific texts.
Beyond literacy interventions: How four secondary schools leverage social capital to raise student outcomes in a remote, rural context in England · 2026 · DOIThe paper identifies a gap in the existing literature, noting that policy support for evidence‐based improvement risks oversimplifying the complex dynamics of leadership, place and educational change within rural schooling landscapes. There is a need for a more nuanced understanding of how schools in remote, rural areas can improve student literacy outcomes.
Beyond literacy interventions: How four secondary schools leverage social capital to raise student outcomes in a remote, rural context in England · 2026 · DOIThe study identifies challenges to parental engagement, including limited school support and financial demands. The study recognizes the importance of addressing these challenges to strengthen parental involvement. The study aims to investigate strategies for strengthening parental involvement and improving CBE implementation.
Influence of Parental Provision of Learning Resources on Implementation of Competence-Based Education in Public Junior Schools in Langata Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya · 2026 · DOIThe study was limited to public junior schools in Langata Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya. The study did not focus on other stakeholders such as teachers and school administrators. The study used a cross-sectional survey design, which may not capture changes over time.
Influence of Parental Provision of Learning Resources on Implementation of Competence-Based Education in Public Junior Schools in Langata Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya · 2026 · DOIFurther research is needed to evaluate the potential moderating factor of SES, - Research is needed to investigate the influence of parental involvement on intervention gains, - Studies should be conducted to examine the effectiveness of online parent coaching in different contexts
The study identifies a gap in research on the effectiveness of online parent coaching in low- and middle-income countries. The study notes that prior research has focused primarily on the school context, with few studies examining the home context.
Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the relationship between parental involvement and student creativity, - Investigating the impact of different types of parental involvement on student creativity, - Examining the role of cultural factors in the relationship between parental involvement and student creativity
The relationship between parental involvement and student creativity is not well understood due to mixed results from prior empirical studies. There is a need to synthesize inconsistent primary studies on this topic. Further research is needed to inform parenting approaches and education policies seeking to foster creativity development among students.
In this study, we contribute to the limited literature on the role of intersectional identities in FPPs with refugee families.
Intersectionality in Family-Professional Partnerships Among Refugee Families and Early Educators · 2026 · DOIFindings showed that although the need for parental engagement is widely recognized, implementation and effectiveness data remain limited.
The Untested Component: A Scoping Review of Parental Engagement in School-Based Social-Emotional Learning Programs · 2026 · DOITo address this gap in the literature, we interviewed 24 Black parents of students with IEPs to explore their IEP meeting experiences, including barriers to participation.
Such limited research is problematic, especially given that, compared to White families of children with disabilities, Black families are more likely to experience systemic barriers to family-school partnerships.
However, the extent to which parental involvement influences the development of these competencies remains inadequately understood, particularly in rural learning contexts.
Parental Involvement and the Development of Metacognitive Skills among Public Junior School Learners in Kyuso SubCounty, Kitui County, Kenya · 2026 · DOIStudents’ use of learning time both inside and outside of school has been at the core of education debates for many years, although evidence is still mixed.
However, the specific mechanisms through which parental educational expectations impact adolescents' subjective well-being via self-efficacy and learning engagement are not well understood.
The impact of parental educational expectations on subjective well-being among adolescents: The serial mediating role of self-efficacy and learning engagement · 2025 · DOILimited research has been conducted in the Indonesian context on what roles parents play in their children's motivation and task engagement.
Parents’ roles in young learners’ motivation and task engagement in Indonesian primary schools: Questionnaire development and validation · 2025 · DOIWhile extensive research has investigated Chinese immigrant families’ PSCL, research on young children's views of PSCL is scarce.
Guidance and respect: Chinese American preschoolers’ perceptions of parental support for learning · 2024 · DOIHowever, limited research examines the connections between ethnic-racial socialization (ERS) in different contexts.
Promoting Family-School Congruence in Ethnic-Racial Socialization: An Integrated Conceptual Model · 2024 · DOIA major limitation to these studies is their lack of ability to model within-student growth.
Thus, we lack evidence on the relationship between dual language education and growth trajectories within and across grades.
This five-year National Science Foundation grant–funded research program provides crucial support and research on an underserved and understudied group in higher education: pregnant and parenting students.
Most-cited papers in Parental Involvement in Education
- Parental Involvement and Students' Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analysis · Educational Psychology Review · 2001 · 1,762 citations
- The Influence of Parent Education and Family Income on Child Achievement: The Indirect Role of Parental Expectations and the Home Environment. · Journal of Family Psychology · 2005 · 1,591 citations
- Parental involvement in middle school: A meta-analytic assessment of the strategies that promote achievement. · Developmental Psychology · 2009 · 1,340 citations
- Student engagement with school: Critical conceptual and methodological issues of the construct · Psychology in the Schools · 2008 · 1,267 citations
- A Meta-analytic Review of Components Associated with Parent Training Program Effectiveness · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · 2008 · 1,232 citations
- Why Do Parents Become Involved in Their Children’s Education? · Review of Educational Research · 1997 · 1,133 citations
- Relationships Matter: Linking Teacher Support to Student Engagement and Achievement · Journal of School Health · 2004 · 1,057 citations
- The Relationship Between Parental Involvement and Urban Secondary School Student Academic Achievement · Urban Education · 2006 · 985 citations
- Social Class Differences in Family-School Relationships: The Importance of Cultural Capital · Sociology of Education · 1987 · 910 citations
- Moments of Social Inclusion and Exclusion Race, Class, and Cultural Capital in Family-School Relationships · Sociology of Education · 1999 · 860 citations
Most recent work
- Part I: Can School‐Based Delivery of an Evidence‐Based Parenting Program Promote the Home‐School Partnership? A Stepped Wedge Cluster Randomized Trial · Family Process · 2026
- Factors influencing secondary students’ mathematics homework effort and academic achievement: A Social Cognitive Theory perspective · Contemporary Educational Psychology · 2026
- Using an African Indigenous Knowledge lens to explore Sub-Saharan African immigrant parents’ perspectives and experiences of their children’s mathematics learning · Educational Studies in Mathematics · 2026
- “Connecting the dots”: a social network study of inter-organizational partnerships for designing equity-centered principal preparation programs · Journal of Educational Administration · 2026
- Investigating the Latent Factors of Parental and Bilingual Student Perceptions of Learning Environment: Evidence From Two Large-Scale Surveys · Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences · 2026
- Bridging home, school and community to address educational inequality: Supporting educational trajectories through community bridge work · British Educational Research Journal · 2026
- School and its educational value: the role of parental influences in shaping adolescents’ values, academic beliefs, and expectations · Social Psychology of Education · 2026
- Exploring the Relationship Between Parental Involvement and Family Education Choice: Evidence From China · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · 2026
- Practices That Support Enriching Interactions Between Young Children and Older Adults in a Co-Located Intergenerational Program · Journal of Intergenerational Relationships · 2026
- Critical, Empathetic, and Mindful Relations (CEMR): A Relationship‐Building Theory · Journal of Family Theory & Review · 2026
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